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Below are some summary numbers for a firm for fiscal years 2004 and 2005 (in millions of dollars). 2004 2005 Sales 12,257 12,867 Operating income
Below are some summary numbers for a firm for fiscal years 2004 and 2005 (in millions of dollars).
2004 | 2005 | ||
Sales | 12,257 | 12,867 | |
Operating income (after tax) | 858 | 772 | |
Net financial expense (after tax) | 56 | 98 | |
Comprehensive income | 802 | 674 | |
Average net operating assets | 4,903 | 4,949 | |
Average common equity | 3,503 | 2,149 |
Calculate return on common equity (ROCE), return on net operating assets (RNOA), and net borrowing cost (NBC) for the two years.
How much of the change in ROCE over the two years is due to:
Change in profit margin
Change in asset turnover
Change in financial leverage
Change in borrowing costs?
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