Benjamin Graham, the father of value investing, once said, $"$In the short run, the market is a voting machine, but in the long run, the market is a weighing machine." In this quote, Benjamin Graham was referring to the key difference between the "price" and the "value" of a security.

In November $2006,$ Citigroup's stock $($NYSE: C$)$ was trading at $$49\mathrm{.}59.$ Following the credit crisis of $2007-2008$ and by the end oftober $2009,$ Citigroup's stock price had plummeted to $$4\mathrm{.}27.$ Several banks went under, and others saw their stock prices lose more than $60\%$ of their value.

Based on your understanding of stock prices and intrinsic values, which of the following statements is true?

The intrinsic value of a stock is based only on the perceived risk in the company.

A stock's intrinsic value is based on the fundamental cash flows and the company's risk.

You can estimate the value of a company's stock using models such as the corporate valuation model and the dividend discount model. Which of the following companies would you choose to evaluate if you were using the discounted dividend model to estimate the value of the company's stock?

A company that is in a high$-$growth stage and plans to retain all its earnings for the next few years to support its growth.

A company that has been distributing a portion of their earnings every quarter for the past six years.

Which of the following describe the reason$($s$)$ why maximization of intrinsic stock value benefits society? Check all that apply.

Most investors prefer companies that can raise prices beyond reasonable levels.

Stock price maximization requires efficient, low$-$cost businesses.

Successful companies hire more employees.

Successful companies can avoid raising external funds in the financial markets.