Benjamin Graham, the father of value investing, once said, "In the short run, the market is a voting machine, but in the long run, the market is a weighing machine." In this quote, Benjamin Graham was referring to the key difference between the "price" and the "value" of a security. In November 2006, Citigroup's stock (NYSE: C) was trading at $49.59. Following the credit crisis of 2007-2008 and by the end of October 2009, Citigroup's stock price had plummeted to $4.27. Several banks went under, and others saw their stock prices lose more than 60% of their value. Based on your understanding of stock prices and intrinsic values, which of the following statements is true? A stock's market price is often based on investors' perceived risk in the company. The intrinsic value of a stock is based only on perceived investor returns. You can estimate the value of a company's stock using models such as the corporate valuation model and the dividend discount model. Which of the following companies would you choose to evaluate you were using the discounted dividend model to estimate the value of the company's stock? A company that is in a high-growth stage and plans to retain all its earnings for the next few years to support its growth. A company that has been distributing a portion of their earnings every quarter for the past six years. Which of the following describe the reason(s) why maximization of intrinsic stock value benefits society? Check all that apply. Workers prefer companies that minimize operating costs. Successful companies attract more talent. Consumers benefit when companies rise prices beyond reasonable levels. The owners of stock are society