Bhojraj Fabricators Inc. machines metal parts for the automotive industry. Under the traditional

manufacturing approach, the parts are machined through two processes: milling and finishing.

Parts are produced in batch sizes of $50$ parts. A part requires $3$ minutes in milling and $7$ minutes in

finishing. The move time between the two operations for a complete batch is $8$ minutes.

Under the lean philosophy, the part is produced in a cell that includes both the milling and finishing

operations. The operating time is unchanged; however, the batch size is reduced to $6$ parts and the

move time is eliminated.

Determine the value$-$added, non$-$value$-$added, and total lead times, and the value$-$added ratio

under the traditional and lean manufacturing methods. If required, round percentages to one

decimal place.