Bhojraj Fabricators Inc. machines metal parts for the automotive industry. Under the traditional manufacturing approach, the parts are machined through two processes: milling and finishing. Parts are produced in batch sizes of $90$ parts. A part requires $2$ minutes in milling and $6$ minutes in finishing. The move time between the two operations for a complete batch is $7$ minutes.

Under the lean philosophy, the part is produced in a cell that includes both the milling and finishing operations. The operating time is unchanged; however, the batch size is reduced to $6$ parts and the move time is eliminated.

Determine the value$-$added, non$-$value$-$added, and total lead times, and the value$-$added ratio under the traditional and lean manufacturing methods. If required, round percentages to one decimal place.

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