Both Sigmund Freud and B.F. Skinner believed that we are controlled by strong forces. Freud believed that our behavior is influenced by unconscious forces within us. Skinner believed that we are controlled by our external environment through reinforcers that shape our behavior. In contrast, humanists such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers believed that we have the freedom to choose how we behave. People are viewed as inherently good and are directed toward growth, development and personal fulfillment.

(1) Which of these three theories do you prefer in your own thinking? Explain why you favor this theory over the other two.

(2) If you sought psychotherapy for yourself or a loved one, which theory do you feel would be least effective? Explain why you think that.