Brief explanations plz,

1. Compare and contrast the control and experimental groups of a controlled experiment. Lee Ryan began her coffee-drinking study with a sample population of 40 men and women over age 65, divided into two groups. . List the similarities and differences between the control and experimental groups. . Why are the similarities between the two groups insportant? . Why are differences between the groups important? 2. Describe the design of a controlled experiment Describe the experimental design of Dr. Ryan's coffee drinking Mudy by answering the following questions. What was the independent variable? How did Dr. Ryan make the independent variable different between the ropenmental and control groups (ie, what "treatment" did the experimental group receive ted what "weatment" did the control group recruit How did Dy Ryan control for a placebo effect? What was the dependent variable? How was the dependent variable meansed? Was it measured differently in the control and experimental groupsTReview Questions 1. What is typically the order of the scientific process? A. question, observation, experiments, data, hypothesis, conclusions B. experiments, data, hypothesis, conclusions, question, observation C. observation, question, hypothesis, experiments, data, conclusions D. hypothesis, questions, experiments, data, conclusions 2. True or False: A question and a hypothesis are the same thing 3. In a scientific experiment, which group would typically receive a placebo treatment? A. experimental group B. control group C. everyone involved in the study 4. Once a scientific hypothesis has been tested and supported by one scientist in one study A, no more studies need be conducted; the hypothesis is now considered a fact. B. it has no value at all until it has been tested by at least three other scientists in independent investigations C. no more studies need be conducted, as long as the study is published in a peer- reviewed journal, the scientific community will becept the hypothesis with great confidence. D. the same study must be repeated by the same scientist at least three times so that hither results can be published. E. the same hypothesis must be tested in different ways by different researchers, both to.| refine it and to mocrease our confidence that it is the best explanation for the observations in question Driving Question 2: What factors Influence the strength of scientific studies and determine whether the results of any given study are applicable to a particular population? Why should you care? The strength of a scientific study's conclusions depends on the quality of the stody's design Controlled experiments are one of the most powerful tools scientists use to best hypotheses; Underlanding the characteristics of a good controlled experiment helps us evaluate the conclusions we read about in media reports, Sample woe is also a critical component of good research design. Typically, conchisions from studies with small sample sizes are only weakly copperted When you read media reports, one of the first thing you should look for is sample size: if it is small or if's is not reported, you should remain skeptical about the reported conclusions.Review Questions 1. "I feel more cheerful when I wear bright clothing; therefore, bright clothing makes people more cheerful" is an example of a() (choose all courtel answers) A. scientific theory B. everyday theory. D. dith 1: In one sbody, a researcher found that people who were below 5 feet 5 inches in height were relatively unlikely to have red hair. This is an example of A. canrelation B. curation 3. When reading media stories about scientific dheoveries, I will A. believe everything that I read: B. believe what I want to think is real C. base my acceptance or rejection of the exclusion on alignment of the planets. D. have my acceptance or rejection of the conclusion on the data in the original research paper and what I have learned in this class6. Which of the following is correct concerning recessions? A. They come at fairly regular and predictable intervals. SRATE B. They are associated with comparatively large declines in investment spending. Pa C. They are any period when real GDP growth is less than average. D. They tend to be associated with falling unemployment rates. 7. Which of the following is correct about the AS- 8. Refer to the AS-AD graph above. If the AD model? economy is currently at point Ea, what could be A. The short-run, but not the long-run, aggregate said about the state of the economy? supply curve is consistent with the idea that A. The unemployment rate is higher than the nominal variables do not affect real variables. natural rate. B. The long-run, but not the short-run, aggregate B. The unemployment rate is lower than the supply curve is consistent with the idea that natural rate. nominal variables do not affect real variables. C. The unemployment rate is precisely at the C. The long-run and short-run supply curves are natural rate. both consistent with the idea that nominal D. The unemployment rate is zero. variables affect real variables. D. Neither the long-run nor the short-run aggregate supply curve is consistent with the idea that nominal variables affect real variables. 9. One way of defining net capital outflow is as the purchase of A. foreign financial assets by domestic residents, minus the purchase of domestic financial assets by foreign residents. B. foreign financial assets by domestic residents, minus the purchase of foreign products and services by domestic residents. C. domestic financial assets by foreign residents, minus the purchase of domestic products and services by foreign residents. D. domestic financial assets by foreign residents, minus the purchase of foreign financial assets by domestic residents.1. In the language of (macro) economics, 3. If the U.S. government's expenditures exceeded investment refers to its receipts, it would likely A. saving. A. lend money to a bank or other financial B. the purchase of new capital. intermediary. C. purchasing stocks, bonds, or mutual funds. B. borrow money from a bank or other financial D. All of the above are correct. intermediary. C. buy bonds from the public. D. sell bonds to the public. (a) 4. Mortgage interest rates - the interest rates people pay to borrow money to purchase homes - are determined primarily in the market for A. short-run money. B. long-run money. (c) C. loanable funds. D. currency exchange. 5. Wilma is considering expanding her dress shop 2. Consider the figure above, which depicts a and borrowing the funds to do it. If interest rates generalized version of the open-economy macro rise, she is model. Suppose that the government budget goes from a surplus to deficit. The effects of the change A. less likely to expand. This illustrates why the could be illustrated by shifting the supply curve slopes downward in the loanable- funds market. A. demand curve in panel (a) to the right and the B. more likely to expand. This illustrates why the demand curve in panel (c) to the left. supply curve slopes upward in the loanable- B. demand curve in panel (a) to the left and the funds market. supply curve in panel (c) to the left. C. less likely to expand. This illustrates why the C. supply curve in panel (a) to the right and the demand curve slopes downward in the demand curve in panel (c) to the right. loanable-funds market D. supply curve in panel (a) to the left and the D. more likely to expand. This illustrates why the supply curve in panel (c) to the left. demand curve slopes upward in the loanable funds market.27. According to Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, the real cause of the Great Depression 23. The prices of which of the following goods are least likely to obey the predictions of purchasing -what made it "great"- power parity? A. the 1929 stock market crash. A. hotel rooms B. the legacy of lingering war reparations owed B. scrap metal by Germany to France and Great Britain, and lingering war debts owed by France and Great C. coffee D. Dil Britain to the U.S. failure by the U.S. Federal Reserve to prevent C. the nation's money supply from contracting in the wake of bank failures and deposit withdrawals. 24. The aggregate supply-aggregate demand (AS- D. failure of the U.S. government to step in to AD) model depicts the existence of monetary offset falling private-sector spending by neutrality increasing its own spending. A. only in the short run. B, only in the long run. C. in both the short run and the long run. D. in neither the short run nor long run. 28. Suppose price-level expectations increase; that is, suppose the public comes to expect higher price levels. On the Phillips curve graph. the short-run Phillips curve itself will 25. In the AS-AD model, if income taxes were to A. shift outward, and the long-run Phillips curve increase, we would predict there to be will shift outward, too. B. shift outward, but the long-run Phillips curve A. a downward movement along a stationary will remain stationary. aggregate demand curve. C. shift inward, and the long-run Phillips curve B. a shift in aggregate demand to the right. will shift inward, too. C. a shift in aggregate demand to the left. D. shift inward, but the long-run Phillips curve D. an upward movement along a stationary will remain stationary. aggregate demand curve. 29. Suppose it is the case that P > E(P); that is, 26. During economic expansions, automatic suppose the actual price level currently exceeds the stabilizers tend to make the government's budget expected price level. What will probably happen A. move toward deficit. next? B. move toward surplus. A. The price level will fall. C. move toward balance. B. The price level will rise. D. worsen due to people receiving decreased C. Price level expectations will fall. payments for unemployment insurance and D. Price-level expectations will rise. other types of social-insurance programs.30. If nominal wages are sticky and the price level is greater than what was expected, then the amount 32. When the price level falls, the interest rate of products and services supplied shown in the AS-AD model by a rightward This is A. rises, When the money supply falls, interest movement rates also rise. curve. the short-run aggregate supply B. rises, When the money supply falls, interest roles fall. A. falls; of C. falls. When the money supply falls, interest B. falls; along rates rise. C. rises; of D. falls, When the money supply falls, interest D. rises; along rates also fall. 33. When the interest rate increases, the AS AS1 opportunity cost of holding one's wealth in money AS, form Price Level A. increases, so the quantity of money demanded Price Level increases. AD AD B. increases, so the quantity of money demanded Real Domestic Output Real Domestic Output decreases. (4) decreases, so the quantity of money demanded increases. AS D. decreases, so the quantity of money demanded decreases. Price Level Price Level AD, AD, AD AD, Real Domestic Output Real Domesile Output (9) 31. Consider the diagrams above. Which panel Price Price Price AS best portrays the effects of a decrease in the availability of a key natural resource? A. A ADN AD1 B. B AD, Q: Q1 C. C Quantity Quantity Quantity D. D (A) (C) 34. Refer to the graphs above, in which AD, and AS, are "before" curves and AD, and ASz are "after" curves. Other things equal, an increase in investment spending is depicted by A. panel (a) only. B. panel (b) only. C. panel (c) only. D. panels (b) and (c).MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A market served by only one firm is called a(n): 1) A) oligopoly. (B) monopoly. C perfectly competitive market. D) Any of the above could be correct. 2) A firm that has market power has the ability: 2) At A) to affect the price of its own product BJ to drive its competition out of the market. () to command consumer to buy any quantity from them. Dj to conduct illegal activities without fear of prosecution. 3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a monopoly? (A) A monopolist is a price-taker. B) There exist barriers to entry. () There is only one seller. D) A monopolist's sales revenue is constrained by the market demand. () When economists say a market has "barriers to entry" they refer to: (A) factors that prevent other firms from challenging a firm with market power. Bj economic profits that are positive, but too high to encourage entry. Ca policy that some countries establish to reduce imports from other countries. Dj monopolists being prohibited from selling their products to certain customers, 5) Which of the following is NOT an artificial barrier to entry? 5 ) B A) government franchise B) large economies of scale C) government licensing Dj a patent 6) A monopoly may arise due to: 6) D A) a patent. B) large economics of scale. () net work externalities. Dj all of the above 7) Facebook is a social networking Web site that is used by a growing number of individuals. Because of its popularity, it is now more difficult for new networking websites to enter and compete with Facebook. Facebook enjoys as a barrier for others to enter the market. A) a network externality B) price discrimination C) economies of scale Dj a negative externality 8) The demand curve that a monopolist faces is: D A) generally flatter than the demand curve that faces a perfectly competitive firm. Bj the same as the demand curve that faces a perfectly competitive firm. C) not affected by changes in the prices of other goods, Di the market demand curve.13. The country of Westeros has net capital 10. Suppose that in a country GDP is equal to outflow of $1,000, government purchases of 1 1.000, taxes are equal to 2,500, consumption $5,000 and consumption of $20,000. Which of the "squats 7:000, and government purchases equal following is correct? 3,000. What are its private saving and public A. If its domestic investment is $1,000, its GDP saving! A. 1,300 and-500 is $26,000. B. If its domestic investment is $2,000, its GDP 1,500 and 500 C 1,000 and - 900 is $28,000. C. If its domestic investment is $5,000, its GDP D. 1:000 and 500 is $29,000. D. None of the above are correct. 1 1. If a country has a trade surplus, it has net exports and net capital outflow. 14. In the open-economy macroeconomic model. A. positive: positive the price that balances supply and demand in the B. positive; negative market for currency exchange is the C. negative; positive D. negative; negative . nominal exchange rate. B. nominal interest rate. C. real exchange rate. D. real interest rate. 12. If a country had a trade surplus of $50 billion and its exports rose by $30 billion while its imports rose by $20 billion, its net exports would now be 15. In the open-economy macroeconomic model, if A. 50 billion. the supply curve in a country's market for loanable B. $20 billion. funds shifts right, then the currency in its C. $40 billion. market for currency exchange shifts D. $60 billion. A. supply of; left. B. supply of; right. C. demand for; left. D. demand for; right. 16. A tax on imported goods is called a(n) A. excise tax. B. tariff. C. import quota. D. Pigouvian tax