Calculate Firm Information$$

$$ Calculate the market capitalization of each firm per year. That is$,$ multiply the number of shares outstanding by the close prices on the last trading day of each year to get the total market

capitalization of each firm per year. The Nov $2023$ shares outstanding data is in sheet S&P $500$

Constituents in the Company$\_$ Student$\_$List.xls file. $[$Yahoo Finance does not provide historical data for the outstanding shares, so here, we assume the companies did not issue new shares or had no share splits.$]$ Save the total market capitalization of firms in a new sheet and call it "Size" in the excel file.$$

$$Calculate the sum of daily Volume for each firm per year, divide it by the total shares outstanding, and save it in the sheet "Liquidity $\_$annual. This is a measure of how frequently a stock is traded, and generally, it is perceived as a measure of its liquidity.$<$

$$ Using adjusted close prices at the annual, monthly, and daily frequencies compute the annual, monthly, and daily returns. Save them in new sheets labeled "Returns annual", "Returns monthly" and "Returns daily".

Using Returns daily, calculate the standard deviation of each stock in each year. Save these in a new sheet called "Risk annual"~