1. calculate the measure of association for the entire sample
2. calculate the measure of association for male participants only
3. calculate the measure of association for female participants only
4. what do your results suggest?

a. gender is an effect modifier

b. gender is a confounder

c. gender is both a confounder and effect modifier

d. gender is neither a confounder or effect modifier

For the following four questions, refer for the following table of bullying history (exposure) and young adult criminal violence (outcome), stratified by gender. This data is from a case-control study. Male Male Female Female Cases Controls Cases Controls Previous 24 17 18 15 Bullying No Previous 12 19 18 21 Bullying Calculate the measure of association for the entire sample