Can threats to people's social (i.e., group) identity lead to deviant attitudes and behaviors? Belmi et al. (2015) sought to answer this question. They had 188 self-identified Black American college students and 123 self-identified White American college students complete three sets of self-reported measures. The first set asked whether the student worried about being seen negatively in school because of their ethnicity. The second set asked whether the student felt and expected to be disrespected at school. The final set asked whether the student engaged in delinquent behaviors at school in the past year (e.g. cheating on a test, copying someone else's work, picking a fight, using drugs, etc.). As predicted, the authors found that the more students worried about being seen negatively in school because of their ethnicity, the more likely they were to engage in social deviance, though this relationship occurred only for Black American students. The same finding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. occurred for the disrespected variable. That is, the more students worried about being seen negatively in school because of their ethnicity, the more likely they felt disrespected.

A. Did the study establish covariance (a change in one variable led to a change in the other)? Explain. B. Did the study establish temporal precedence (a change in one variable preceded a change in the other)? Explain. C. Did the study eliminate alternative explanations? Explain. D. Is the study design causal (experimental), correlational, or quasi-experimental?