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2.1 Supply chain ramp-up in the emerging EV sector In recent years, EV technology has rapidly evolved and begun to disrupt the automotive industry (Weforum, 2017), as pathways towards environmentally sustainable post-ICE transportation solutions (Steinhilber et al., 2013) have become seen as viable. In the supply chain management literature, previous studies have focused on sustainability issues (Hawkins et al., 2012; Gnther et al., 2015; Juan et al., 2016). For instance, Hendrickson et al. (2015) investigated optimal locations for battery recycling in California. By contrast, other studies have examined impacts on traditional automotive supply chains, as EVs become more prolific (Klug, 2013; Rossini et al., 2016). Challenges associated with EV adoption and use, ranging from technical issues (e.g. battery technologies) to user-related concerns (e.g. range anxiety), have also been explored (Li et al., 2015, p. 371). In the production ramp-up literature, previous studies have explored cost, quality and timeliness factors (Surbier et al., 2014), as well as the impact of late engineering design changes, effects of supply-chain network configuration, process and product complexity and the degree of novelty (Elstner and Krause, 2014). Glock and Grosse (2015) reviewed quantitative decision support models for ramp-up planning by focusing on typical planning problems and the process characteristics of the ramp-up phase. Other studies have proposed different ramp-up strategies. For example, Clark and Fujimoto (1991 proposed two different strategies for ramp-up of new product in the final assembly based on the choice of ramp-up curve, operation pattern and workforce policy. Schuhet al. (2005) also slow proposed three production ramp-up strategies, namely motion", dedication and step by step they advocated that the correct selection is dependent on specific parametersuch as utilisation d mampuan dan