Carl is a sales manager at a company which sells time-shares. To motivate his sales employees, Carl holds a monthly contest in which the employee with the top sales for the month wins a free steak dinner with Carl. Unfortunately, many employees are not particularly motivated by the contest either because they don't like steak or don't like Carl enough to want to dine with him. If Carl wants to make the contest more effective in motivating employees, he needs to re-examine the Select factor of expectancy theory