Case 1 Marge was suffering from pain in her right hip and went to see Dr. Hippolytus for a consultation. Dr. Hippolytus decided that a muscle biopsy was the appropriate diagnostic measure to take to determine the cause of the pain. Dr. Hippolytus had Marge sign a consent form wherein she gave consent to the muscle biopsy. The consent form also had this clause in it: "I consent to such further or alternate measures as may be found necessary during the course of the operation." During the muscle biopsy, Dr. Hippolytus noticed an unusual bone growth in the same area where the biopsy was done. He performed a bone biopsy as well as he was concerned that there might be a problem with the bone itself. Following the surgery, Marge was discharged with a pair of crutches. She was not told about the bone biopsy, nor was she told not to put weight on her right leg. Several days later, while using her crutches. Marge put weight on her right leg and her hip broke. It was determined that the hip broke at the exact location of the bone biopsy. Marge went to a lawyer, Lionel Train, and decided to sue Dr. Hippolytus