CASE 4 A 51-year-old female presents to the ofce for an annual checkup. History reveals that she smokes a pack of cigarettes every day and that her mother, who was a lifelong smoker, died of lung cancer 10 years ago. She is offered a pamphlet outlining the results from a recent study on the risks of smoking cigarettes and the association with the development of lung cancer. The study reports an odds ratio of 6.5 (CI: 3.8 9.1) for the association of cigarettes and lung cancer. 12. What type of study was most likely conducted? 13. What is your interpretation of the odds ratio? Is this signicant? 14. What types of bias is most likely to inuence the results of this study