Case 8.4 Emerging Trends Beyond ROI? The four levels of training effectivenessreaction, learning, behaviors, resultshave been accepted as the training evaluation framework by most training professionals. Because the different measures are categorized into levels, it only seems natural that the top level of results is the measure to strive toward. Numerous books and articles have been written on calculating the return on investment (ROI) for training programs. However, there is grow- ing recognition that ROI may not be the penultimate measure of training effectiveness