CASE PROBLEM: The Not-So-Harmless Cage Divers

Every morning, tourist boats leave the southern Cape coast for a patch of sea called Shark Alley. Off a rocky outcrop populated by seals and washed by crashing waves, the boat crews throw mesh bags of ground-up fish into water. Great White sharks soon pick up the scent of blood and start circling. Occasionally shrieking with fear, paying customers climb into steel cage, about 8 feet by 4 feet, four people at a time. They are then lowered in to the frigid ocean. Baited by the crew, 10-foot long sharks arrive, snapping their jaws at the cage railing and raising gnashing teeth above the water. Most of the customers have other thrills on cape vacations: bungee jumping, sky diving, and jungle safaris.

This shark-diving industry, established in the late 1990s, has become big business on the Cape coast of South Africa. Drawing in some 35,000 mostly American and European adrenaline junkies a year, shark divers pay some $6.3 million in fees to 12 licensed operators, or as much as $200 a dive, and more for hotel, food, and airfare.

But there isn't just fish blood in the water. As the cage-diving industry flourishes, Cape Town beaches-a Mecca for surfers-have been hit by a spate of gruesome shark attacks on people. Critics blame the deaths on shark-diving practices such as baiting and chumming (the throwing of ground fish into the ocean). Cage-diver operators, these critics say, may have taught sharks to associate humans with food, turning the ocean's apex predators into man-ears.

Amid the outcry, a shark-diving boat was burned here last year, though the motivation for the incident remains unclear. In June, after a lethal shark attack, a coalition of surfers, fisherman, ecologist, and sailors demanded that the South African government ban chumming and baiting by shark-diving boats. "These people are attracting the sharks to right where we swim," says the group's leader, Craig Bovim. "The reality is that the sharks are rewarded constantly, and so the chances of something going wrong are considerably high.

Bovim, a 38-year-old owner of an engineering company, knows this firsthand. On Christmas Eve 2002, he was snorkeling off the Cape peninsula, hoping to catch lobsters for dinner. A 5-yard-long Great White shark swam up alongside. As Bovim blew the air out of his snorkel, producing a sound like a seal's, the shark opened its jaws and lunged for his hands. The shark took a generous bite out of both, leaving Bovin's right hand snapped in two and flapping back.

Bovin somehow managed to undo his weight belt and swim to shore, some 50 yards away. After much surgery, he is still in only partial command of his hands. In 2003, a Great White killed a 19- year-old surfer. A year later, an abalone poacher was bitten to death near Shark Alley, and 77-year-old Tyna Webb was torn apart by a shark in full view of sunbathers at a popular Cape Town beach. In June 2005, medical student Henri Murray was killed by a shark while spear-fishing in nearby waters. Great White usually don't like human flesh. But Webb and Murray appeared to have been swallowed and digested, with little apart from blood, a red bathing cap and a tattered wetsuit left behind. "Emotionally, it's a lot harder when people get consumed," says Gregg Oelofse, the Cape Town city government environmental policy coordinator. "it changes perceptions."

An avid surfer, Oelofsenis part of a working group of officials and academics set up last year to evaluate the effects of cage-diving on shark behavior. Scientists consider sharks to be smart and fast learners. As summer approached in the southern hemisphere, researchers began deploying electronic monitors and human shark-spotters to track shark movements around Cape town to see if these predators are moving closer to the shore and showing an increased interest in bathers. A report that may lead to new regulations was anticipated in 2006. So far, Oelofse says he sees no link between recent shark attacks and practices such as chumming.

In the United States, both Florida and California have banned commercial chumming. This means South Africa is the only place where encounters with Great White can be virtually guaranteed on a day trip from major city. South Africa businesses are eager to preserve this goldmine, painting the controversy as uninformed paranoia. "Every time they try to bite the cage, they taste metal," says Craig P a g e | 47 Ferreira, owner of White Sharks Projects, one of the 12 South-African operators. "If you were conditioning the shark to anything, it's that human taste like metal."

South Africa recently banned the common practice of using fresh bait such as tuna heads, seeking to discourage aggressive shark behavior. Operators are also forbidden from actually feeding the sharks, though they can tease them by dangling chum in front of them.

Regardless of whether chumming changes shark behavior, such close encounters with humans will have consequences, environmentalist and officials warn. "You cannot interact with nature without affecting nature," says Oelofse. "we are affecting things-we just don't know how."

Case Questions 1. What ethical issues appear to be involved with the Cape Town cage-diving operators and their customers?

2. What social responsibility issues are present in the above story?

3. What rights (if any) do Great White sharks have that should be taken into account in making decisions about cage-diving?

4. What would you guess would be the most likely demographic groups to which the cage-diving customers belong? Explain your reasoning