Case study 1

The two components of the advertising industrythe creative sector that develops and produces messages, and the communications sector that transmits messages via various mediahave each been greatly affected by advances in creative design and communications technologies. As the media composition of advertising has changed in the last century for both local and national advertisingfrom newspapers, outdoor and radio advertising to network and cable television, and most recently to internet and digital mediaso too has been transformed the very concept of advertising, its functionality and its measurement. We compare four sources of annual nominal U.S. aggregate advertising expenditure datafrom the public sector Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Service Industries, and the private sector McCann Erickson and Magna Global advertising agenciesthat are available over various time periods. In nominal terms, we estimate the elasticity of advertising expenditures with respect to Gross Domestic Product, and find that this elasticity appears to have increased substantially beginning in the late 1990sfrom about 1.4 to 1.9. The timing of this structural break coincides roughly with the decline of print, radio and network and cable television, and the dramatic increase in digital and internet-based advertising. To understand the forces underlying this structural break in nominal advertising expenditures, data on media-specific advertising prices are needed, thereby converting nominal to real advertising. However, currently annual U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Producer Price Index data on digital and many other advertising media prices are only available beginning in 2010. The availability of media-specific quality-constant price indexes would not only enable researchers to trace more completely the recent impact of digital and internet advertising, but would also facilitate contemporary and longstanding issues to be addressed surrounding the measurement of advertising effects, including how variations in the durability of response to advertising across media are related to inter-media price differentials, and why heterogeneity among firms and industries may arise with respect to the procyclicality of advertising policies.

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2. Productive ___________ occurs when an economy cannot produce _____ of one good without producing _____ of another good

3. The concept of__________ hand in the organization of supply and demand in a well-functioning market mechanism refers to the

4. The intensification in monetary integration _________among homelands is termed as____________

5. The price springiness of petition is the proportion change in _____ commanded separated by the proportion change in _____.

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8. When price of a commodity decreased by 4%, the quantity demanded increased by 4%. The quantity is said to have

9. The tenure "downturn" mentions to the__________

10. What from the________ succeeding measures a administration can take to diminish dissimilarity in the spreading of proceeds_______