CASE STUDY. Convinced that high thermal performance PVC windows are the future of the company, the company's directorate decided to develop sales of these as its primary strategic activity. It therefore needed to develop a marketing strategy for these products on the retail market. Some factors are key to the strategic approach needed: individuals are not necessarily aware of the technical features of the products. In addition, although they offer real benefits, triple-glazed products are more expensive. This may hinder sales of triple-glazed products, because many alternatives, which are cheaper and perform equally well, are still marketed, both in the company's own catalogue and in those of its competitors. Although the triple-glazed products are better in terms of insulation and sophistication, their price may be an important deterrent. Polyvinyl chloride (or PVC) is one of the most popular materials for joinery products, and is now widely used because it has a long life. It is used in more than 50% of joinery products with a life of over fifteen years. It is composed of 43% ethylene (derived from crude oil) and 57% chlorine. PVC products are used in many sectors, including public health, industry, construction, and sustainable structures in the automotive industry.

Question 31 What are uraemic frost conditions?

Question 32 What is the role of terlipressin or novapressin in the management of hepatorenal syndrome?

Question 33 What is the rationale of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in chronic renal disease?

Question 34 What procedure is recommended for post renal transplant if this is the second graft?

Question 35 Do the cysts in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (PCKD) undergo malignant transformation and in what percentage?

Question 36 In a 69-year-old patient with a 2-cm hard prostatic nodule on digital rectal examination, what is the more appropriate way to make a definitive diagnosis of prostate cancer: prostate biopsy or serum prostatespecific antigen (PSA)?

Question 37 A 50-year-old patient complains from slight lower urological symptoms (mild difficulty in urination). By digital rectal examination a mass of (1) hypertrophy can be palpated. His family history contains cases of prostate cancer (in some relatives). What is the next investigation to do in this patient? Titration of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Is it useful in such a patient? Why? Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)? TRUS-guided needle biopsy?

Question 38 What are the causes of urinary incontinence in the elderly?

Question 39 For how long could urinary retention persist after major gastrointestinal tract surgery? Will cholinesterase inhibitors be of benefit in enhancing emptying of the bladder?

Question 40 1. What are the possible causes of a large, white kidney? 2. What is the physiological significance of a giant cell?