Case Study of Mr.Angeli: Mr.Angeliis an 82-year-old Italian manwho was referred to your office by his primary care provider for treatment of depression. His primary care provider discussed antidepressants with Mr.Angeli, but he was resistant to this approach. During your intake assessment, you learn that Mr.Angeliemigrated to America when he was 7 years old. He worked at a variety of jobs throughout his life and had been divorced twice. He had two children, a son and daughter. His daughter died in her teens, but Mr.Angeliwould not expand on this, and instead focused on his son with whom he lives. He moved in with his son and his son's wife about 6 months ago because he was having difficulty caring for his house. Mr.Angeliinforms you that his son said that he could come and live with him. He has since sold his house and when speaking of its sale, tells you "I've been able to help my son out with some money- he lost his job last year and has been having trouble finding work." Mr.Angelibegins to open a bit more and informs you that his two divorces resulted from his "trouble with drinking" over the years. He explains having lived a very stressful life and talks about some of the challenges with being marginally educated and his years of struggle to make ends meet. He acknowledges that over the years he "lost his patience" with his children a few times, to which he adds "I never meant to hurt them, I love them." Mr.Angelihas problems with high blood pressure and what he describes as "liver problems." He says that he goes to see his primary care provider once a month for follow up treatment. Several times during the clinical interview, Mr.Angelibecomes tearful, but fights the tears from coming. He states that he feels both "helpless" and that "things will only get worse for me." When you ask him what he means by this, he pauses and says "well, sometimes when my son has been drinking, he gets a little nasty." He further divulges that he "understands" how his son feels as he used to get like that himself. He then admits that during one of his son's drinking episodes, he got into an argument with his son & that his glasses got broken- to which he added with a small smile "thankfully I had this other pair!" as he points to his face. He said that when his son has been drinking, he often says "some really nasty" things to him. Mr.Angeliexplains that he has been giving his son money from his social security check, and has also been giving him additional monies from the sale of his house. He also reports that from time to time, he hears his son and his wife fighting, which frightens him as he says that "it reminds me of the fights I used to get into with my two wives." You ask Mr. Angeli if he is afraid of his son and he remains silent... PART 1: After reading the above case study, please respond to the following questions: 1. Do you think abuse has occurred? If so, what type of abuse? What additional information is needed to help you decide? 2. Describe the theoretical orientation that may explain the context of the abuse. The following are the more common theories of abuse (feel free to research others):

• Caregiver Stress Theory
• Social Learning Theory (Cycle of Violence Model A.K.A. Intergenerational Transmission of Violence Mode)
• The Social Exchange Theory
• The Background-Situational Theory (Dyadic Discord Theory)
• Power and Control Theory
• Ecological Model
• Biopsychosocial Model