1. Chaoshifa, a major supermarket chain has a strict policy of banning photographs or videos of its sales floor and its backroom operations. It also does not allow academics to conduct studies of it for publication in research journals. In fact, some of its own top managers refer to the management's policies on secrecy as "close to being paranoid." These policies indicate that the top management of the firm believes the organization's core competencies are

a.	causally ambiguous.
b.	unobservable.
c.	imitable.
d.	common.