Characteristic Decentralized or Centralized Summit Corporation now has a single payroll department, a single human resource department, and a single administrative headquarters since the corporation "flattened" its organization structure. Crafty Times is a small independent craft shop and is managed by its owner. The Terracotta Company, Inc., is managed by its owner, who oversees production, sales, engineering, and the other administrative functions. Cheshire Furniture, Inc., is divided into several operating units. e. Duffy Holdings wants its managers to be able to respond quickly to changes in local market demand so that the managers have the authority to make decisions about product offerings and pricing. Palm Springs Resorts and Hotels, Inc., wants to empower its managers to make decisions so that the managers' motivation is increased and retention of managers increases. Tanner Corporation has formal training programs for lower-level managers and has a policy that it promotes from within the company whenever possible