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complete the experiment, which is intended to further your understanding of density altitude as part of the Weather Consulting Team Density Altitude Training Project. Start by completing the background reading on density altitude in Module 3. Students often confuse the differences and relationship between air density and density altitude, so after reviewing the background information and before completing the experiment, be sure you clearly understand why the following statements are true: * As air density decreases, the value of density altitude increases. * [LOWER air density equates to a HIGHER density altitude. In the Data section of the Density Altitude Experiment Worksheet are three tables. Each table provides five different scenarios of sea level pressure, station pressure, temperature, and dew point temperature for the given airport. Recall that the dew point temperature is a measure of the air's water vapor content. After analyzing the differences in the airports and the scenarios, develop a hypothesis (i.e., make a prediction) for how the differences in airport elevation and the different scenarios of pressure, temperature, and dew point temperature will impact the air density and the density altitude. First, think about the effect of the airport elevation alone on air pressure and density, and the density altitude. Then, for each scenario in a given table, consider how the calculated value of density altitude should compare to the airport's elevation. Type your hypothesis in the Hypothesis section of the experiment worksheet. For each scenario, enter the required input data into the NWS Density Altitude Calculator/NOAA > to calculate the density altitude. Be careful to match the correct units on the density altitude calculator with the units of the given data. Enter the calculated density altitude in the table. *Station Pressure vs. Sea Level Pressure Station Pressure is the actual air pressure as measured at the station, and the pressure value used in the density altitude calculator. Sea Level Pressure is station pressure corrected to mean sea level. This is basically an altitude correction to the actual air pressure at the location so that pressure readings between locations with different elevations can be compared. Observing the difference between station pressure and sea level pressure at a given location gives you a sense of how elevation alone affects air pressure and air density. For reference, in a standard atmosphere (see International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)/Skybrary), &> the air pressure at sea level is 29.92 in. Hg, and, in the lower atmosphere, air pressure decreases at a rate of about 1 in. Hg per 1000 feet of elevation gain (review the discussion of air pressure in Chapter 1). See Chapter 8 for more details about the differences between station pressure and sea level pressure. **The NWS density altitude calculator is valid for any location. The calculator input data is station pressure, air temperature, and dew point temperature. The input data does not include the station (airport) elevation. Verify this by inspecting the Density Altitude (PDF)/NOAA = formula used by the calculator. Think about why the station elevation is not needed to calculate density altitude if the station pressure is known (hint: recall how air pressure changes with elevation, from Chapter 1). Conclusions After completing the tables, analyze your results, then draw some conclusions by formulating a short discussion for each of the prompts 1-5 below. Type your discussions for each of the prompts in the Conclusions section of the experiment worksheet. 1. Evaluate the correctness of your hypothesis based on the experiment results. 2. After making a rough comparison of the \"average\" (ball-park) density altitude value for each airport, explain why station elevation has the greatest impact on the value of the density altitude. 3. Analyze the data for each airport/station elevation separately to determine which factor - station pressure, temperature, or dew point temperature - has the most effect on density altitude. Provide some justification for your answer. 4. Analyze the data for each airport/station elevation separately to determine which factor - station pressure, temperature, or dew point temperature - has the least effect on density altitude. Provide some justification for your answer. 5. Make the appropriate choices below (High OR Low) to create the combination of factors that creates the highest value of density altitude: * High/Low station elevation * High/Low temperature * High/Low dew point temperature Then, develop a sentence that summarizes the conditions that create a high-density altitude situation. Please proceed to the Instructions section. Density Altitude Experiment Worksheet Name: Jainik Parekh. Hypothesis: Air density is predicted to pose serious problems for airports located in warm regions but at greater altitudes. Because Leadville, Colorado is at such a high altitude, it is expected to have the lowest air density. Aerial density altitude readings for aircraft are expected to be significantly greater due to the high elevation, even with possibly lower temperatures and humidity. Although temperatures in Denver, Colorado may be moderate, the combination of humidity and elevation is predicted to affect air density, resulting in a high density altitude, albeit not as severe as in Leadville. Phoenix may have relatively better air density conditions due to its lower humidity and altitude, yet temperature variations may still occasionally cause delays. Data Table 1 Airport Location: Phoenix, AZ Airport Elevation (feet above Mean Sea Level): 1,135 Sea Level Station Temperatur Dew Point Density Pressure* Pressure* e (F) Temperatur Altitude (in. Hg) (in. Hg) e (F) (feet) 29.92 28.71 60 30 1560.7 29.92 28.71 120 30 5206.2 29.92 28.71 60 60 1719.2 29.62 28.42 60 30 1904.1 29.62 28.42 120 60 5696.7 Table 2 Airport Location: Denver, CO Airport Elevation (feet above Mean Sea Level): 5,430 Sea Level Pressure* (in. Hg) 29.92 29.92 29.92 Station Pressure* (in. Hg) 24.49 24.49 24.49 Temperatur Dew Point e (F) Temperatur e (F) 60 30 95 30 60 60 Density Altitude (feet) 6846.5 8952.1 7025.6 Sea Level Station Temperatur Dew Point Density Pressure* Pressure* e (F) Temperatur Altitude (in. Hg) (in. Hg) e (F) (feet) 29.62 24.25 60 30 7167.6 29.62 24.25 95 60 9446 Table 3 Airport Location: Leadville, CO Airport Elevation (feet above Mean Sea Level): 9,927 Sea Level Station Temperatur Dew Point Density Pressure* Pressure* e (F) Temperatur Altitude (in. Hg) (in. Hg) e (F) (feet) 29.92 20.63 60 30 12333.8 29.92 20.63 90 30 14076.9 29.92 20.63 60 60 12538.2 29.62 20.42 60 30 12654.3 29.62 20.42 90 60 14596.5 Conclusions [type your discussion for prompts 1-5 in the appropriate location below] 1. The hypothesis suggested that airports located in warm climates but at greater elevations would face difficulties with air density; Leadville, Colorado, was predicted to have the worst circumstances because of its extremely high elevation. As expected, higher elevation results in inferior air density, and the trial findings mainly validated this idea, with Leadville consistently displaying the greatest density altitude measurements across all scenarios. The theory was confirmed when station height was shown to be the main factor controlling density altitude. The continuously greater density heights seen at higher elevation airports, such as Leadville and Denver, in comparison to the lower elevation airport in Phoenix, demonstrated the considerable impact of elevation on air density. The most significant influence on density altitude was found to be station pressure, according to an analysis of individual components. This supports the idea that elevation is a significant factor in influencing air density conditions and is consistent with the knowledge that fluctuations in station pressure directly affect air density. In contrast, the hypothesis's emphasis on height and temperature as the main variables influencing air density was highlighted by the fact that dew point temperature had the least effect on density altitude. Although temperature and humidity do affect air density, the theory was supported by the fact that their impacts were not as great as those of changes in station pressure. High station elevation, high temperature, and high dew point temperature are required to get the maximum value of density altitude. This combination leads to a reduction in air density, demonstrating how atmospheric conditions and elevation interact to affect density altitude. For pilots to make the best judgments about aircraft performance and safety during flight planning and operations, they must have a thorough understanding of the complexity of density altitude and how it depends on variables such as height, temperature, and humidity. Hypothesis All three of these airports are going to struggle when it comes to air density but for different reasons. Based on what | learned in the module, airports that are located in warm climates, but at higher altitudes will struggle the most. | believe Leadville CO will be the worst when it comes to air density due to the extreme altitudes. With the higher elevation, the air should be less humid, and the temperatures should stay low, however the high elevation will bring a much higher density altitude reading for aircraft. Denver CO should have an average temperature; however, | believe the elevation and humidity will affect the air density here, causing high density altitude but not as high as Leadyville CO. | believe Phoenix may have some of the best air density due to the lower humidity and lower altitude, but the temperatures will cause delays on specific days. Table 1 Airport Location: Phoenix, AZ Airport Elevation (feet above Mean Sea Level): 1,135 Sea Level Station Temperature | Dew Point Density Pressure* Pressure* (F) Temperature Altitude (in. Hg) (in. Hg) (F) (feet) 29.92 28.71 60 30 1560.7 29.92 28.71 120 30 5206.2 29.92 28.71 60 60 1719.2 29.62 28.42 60 30 1904.1 29.62 28.42 120 60 5696.7 Table 2 Airport Location: Denver, CO Airport Elevation (feet above Mean Sea Level): 5,430 Sea Level Station Temperature = Dew Point Density Pressure* Pressure* (F) Temperature Altitude (in. Hg) (in. Hg) (F) (feet) 29.92 24.49 60 30 6846.5 29.92 24.49 95 30 8952.1 29.92 24 .49 60 60 7025.6 29.62 2425 60 30 7167.6 29.62 24.25 95 60 9446 Table 3 Airport Location: Leadville, CO Airport Elevation (feet above Mean Sea Level): 9,927 College of Arts & Sciences | worldwide.erau.edu All rights are reserved. The material contained herein is the copyright property of Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida, 32114. No part of this material may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written consent of the University. EMBRY RIDDLE Sea Level Station Temperature Dew Point Density Pressure* Pressure* (OF) Temperature Altitude (in. Hg) (in. Hg) (OF) (feet) 29.92 20.63 60 30 12333.8 29.92 20.63 90 30 14076.9 29.92 20.63 60 60 12538.2 29.62 20.42 60 30 12654.3 29.62 20.42 90 60 14596.5Conclusions 1 Based on the actual calculations of air density | was pretty close. | was surprised to see that based on the calculator the humidity really didn't seem to be much of a factor of change within the data set. The station pressure and the temperature seemed to cause the most change. The average Density Altitudes for each location are as follows: Phoenix AZ-3217.38, Denver CO-7887.56, and Leadville CO-13239.94. We can see that station elevation has the greatest impact on these values because with higher elevation, the less oxygen is present at the station level, which means the engines will be starved for oxygen to operate. The air density will also be lower in these locations with higher elevation, which would call for longer runways. Based on the information provided in the data for all locations, temperature seems to be the biggest factor that brings the most change in density altitude aside from elevation. Based on the information provided in the data for all three locations, it seems to me like dew point didn't have much of an effect on the outcome of density altitude at any location. Every To create the highest value of density altitude you need the three H's. You want High Altitudes, High temperatures, and High humidity/dew point temperature. By having all three of these factors you end up with thinner air or a lower air density. The thinner the air, the longer the runway needs to be to create enough lift under the wing. At higher altitudes, less oxygen is in the air for the engines to mix with fuel to create energy. And with thinner air and lift, the more thrust required for takeoff, meaning more fuel is used