Choose any FOUR of the five lower “rungs” of Sherry R. Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation (left), namely

1) manipulation,

2) therapy,

3) informing,

4) consultation, and

5) placation.

Describe how powerholders at the four rungs that you have chosen, in the name of citizen participation, are actually trying to deceive people.

 

 

NONPARTICIPATION PLACATION CONSULTATION INFORMING THERAPY MANIPULATION TOKENISM