CITY recoded Group Statistics MSA population size 1,000,000-5,000,000 or more 50,000-999,999 N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 451 18,80 ,918 ,043 265 21,74 ,815 ,050 A population size Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means. Significance F Sig. t df One-Sided p Two-Sided p Mean Difference 4.605 .032 -43.091 714 Independent Samples Effect Sizes 95% Confidence Interval Standardizer Point Estimate Lower Upper MSA population size Cohen's d ,881 -3.335 -3.565 -3.105 Hedges' correction ,882 -3.332 -3.561 -3.101 Glass's delta ,815 -3.606 -3.948 -3.262 a. The denominator used in estimating the effect sizes. Cohen's d uses the pooled standard deviation. Hedges' correction uses the pooled standard deviation, plus a correction factor. Glass's delta uses the sample standard deviation of the control group.