Civil forfeiture laws allow law enforcement to seize property in the absence of a criminal charge or the establishment of guilt if police believe they find any evidence of a drug-related crime. Which of the following assertions is not correct regarding civil forfeiture?

a. the law has been used against drug cartel leaders, but state and local law enforcement have used the law whenever possible

b. in a majority of cases, the property owner is never charged with a crimes yet government officials usually keep the seized property

c. a property owner may secure the return of property by showing that no crime ever occurred or the government lacked probable cause

d. there is a proportionality test which requires that more highly valued property may be seized only for more serious violations of the law

e. none of the above