Classical theories liken organizations to machines. Parts of machines that do similar things are similar. So when one part breaks, it's easy to find another just like it. Similarly, workers on an assembly line are similar in training, skills, and knowledge. When one quits, finding someone to take his place is simple. These are the principles of: Question 1 options: a) Predictability and revolution b) Specialization and predictability c) Standardization and replaceability d) Management and sunshine