Cohen "The Earth is Round(p<.05)"

1.How is a conditional probability different from a simple probability?

2.What probability (denoted by p or sig) is given at the conclusion of a null hypothesis significance test? (hint:it is not the probability that the null hypothesis is true).What conditional probability is NOT denoted by sig or p?

3.So, if p or sig (on SPSS) is below .05, what can we conclude?What can we not concludeeven though we often do?

4.Why does Cohen say that the null hypothesis is always false?

5.What alternative statistical concepts does Cohen recommend instead of significance tests?

6.Why does Cohen say that the probability of a type I error is always zero?

7.From the fact that a test for schizophrenia is over 95% accurate [P(a positive diagnosis of schizophrenia/that you actually have the disease)], why can't we conclude that you are over 95% likely to actually have schizophrenia, if you receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia on this test (see example discussed on pages 998 and 999 in Cohen)?