Collaborative customization: Companies work directly with individual customers to define what the customer wants, then use flexible manufacturing to produce the customized product.Adaptive customization: Companies produce a standardized product, but this product can be customized by the user.Cosmetic customization: The product is produced in a standard form, but the way it is marketed and delivered to customers is customized.Transparent customization: Companies provide unique products to individual customers without letting them know that the products have been customized.By using these approaches, firms can meet individual customer needs with near mass production efficiency.