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The stimulus created between 1.6 million and 4.6 million jobs, raised real GDP by 1.1 to 3.1 percent, and lowered unemployment by 0.6 to 1.8 percentage points in the first quarter of 2011. The stimulus package's tax transfer elements, as well as earlier stimulus packages in the 20005, did not result in a major boost in consumption, and the spending components, particularly aid to state and local governments, did not result in a noticeable increase in government purchases. Taylor concludes that the stimulation was ineffective. Small and new firms are frequently at the forefront of technical advancement. Small rms are facing a double bind because of the loan constraint and a drop in consumer demand. For example, 43,500 businesses declared bankruptcy in 2008, up from 28,300 in 2007 and more than doubling the 19,700 filings in 2006. In 2008, only 21 active enterprises had an initial public offering, compared to an average of 163 in the previous four years. The stimulus programs adopted by both chambers of Congress differ signicantly but also overlap significantly. Both seek to increase employment, specific vital economic sectors, and consumer expenditure in the United States. The House bill proposes spending approximately $505 billion on new projects and $282 billion on tax cuts. The following are some of the most substantial expenditures: . Energy includes more than $30 billion spent on energy efficiency and renewable energy projects, as well as electrical infrastructure upgrades; and $5 billion to weatherize low-income homes. . Science and technology, including $10 billion for new scientic institutions and $7 billion to boost rural broadband Internet access. Infrastructure includes roughly $30 billion for highways, $8 billion for high-speed rail development, and $19 billion for clean water and ood management. . Education, including $44 billion for local school districts, $25 billion for special education and funding the No Child Left Behind Act for kindergarten through twelfth grade students, and $15.6 billion to expand the federal Pell Grant program, which provides need-based subsidies to fund education. . Health care includes $87 billion for Medicaid, $20 billion to develop health information technology, and approximately $10 billion for health research and facility construction for the National Institutes of Health. . The package also includes a provision requiring the production of iron, steel, and other manufactured items in the United States for use in public construction projects