Competition between new start-ups and established firms is not just a feature of the early phases of an industrys life cycle: it is ongoing. The greatest threat that newcomers pose to established firms is during periods of technological change. New technology is especially challenging to incumbents when it is competence destroying, when it is architectural, and when it is disruptive.

Required: Evaluate the concept of competence destroying, architectural and disruptive in coping with technological change.