Compute the cost of the following:

a. A bond that has $1,000 par value (face value) and a contract or coupon interest rate of 7 percent. A new issue would have a floatation cost of 7 percent of the $1,120 market value. The bonds mature in 15 years. The firm's average tax rate is 30 percent and its marginal tax rate is 22 percent.

b. A new common stock issue that paid a $1.80 dividend last year. The par value of the stock is $15, and earnings per share have grown at a rate of 11 percent per year. This growth rate is expected to continue into the foreseeable future. The company maintains a constant dividend-earnings ratio of 30 percent. The price of this stock is now $23, but 9 percent flotation costs are anticipated.

c. Internal common equity when the current market price of the common stock is $47. The expected dividend this coming year should be $3.60, increasing thereafter at an annual growth rate of 9 percent. The corporation's tax rate is 22 percent.

d. A preferred stock paying a dividend of 11 percent on a $110 par value. If a new issue is offered, flotation costs will be 15 percent of the current price of $175.

e. A bond selling to yield 12 percent after flotation costs, but before adjusting for the marginal corporate tax rate of 22 percent. In other words, 12 percent is the rate that equates the net proceeds from the bond with the present value of the future cash flows (principal and interest).