Concord Inc. has recently hired a new independent auditor, Karen Ogleby, who says she wants "to get everything straightened out." Consequently, she has proposed the following accounting changes in connection with Concord Inc.'s 2020 financial statements. For each of the changes described above, decide whether: (1) The change involves an accounting principle, accounting estimate, or correction of an error. (2) Restatement of opening retained earnings is required. (1) (2) (2) 1. At December 31, 2019, the client had a receivable of $823,000 from Hendricks Inc. on its balance sheet. Hendricks Inc. has gone bankrupt, and no recovery is expected. The client proposes to write off the receivable as a prior period item. 2. The client proposes the following changes in depreciation policies. (a) For office furniture and fixtures, it proposes to change from a 10-year useful life to an 8-year life. If this change had been made in prior years, retained earnings at December 31, 2019, would have been $253,000 less. The effect of the change on 2020 income alone is a reduction of $78,000. (b) For its new equipment in the leasing division, the client proposes to adopt the sum-of-the-years'-digits depreciation method. The client had never used SYD before. The first year the client operated a leasing division was 2020. If straight-line depreciation were used, 2020 income would be $108,000 greater. 3. In preparing its 2019 statements, one of the client's bookkeepers overstated ending inventory by $232,500 because of a mathematical error. The client proposes to treat this item as a prior period adjustment. 4. In the past, the client has spread preproduction costs in its furniture division over 5 years. Because its latest furniture is of the "fad" type, it appears that the largest volume of sales will occur during the first 2 years after introduction. Consequently, the client proposes to amortize preproduction costs on a per-unit basis, which will result in expensing most of such costs during the first 2 years after the furniture's introduction. If the new accounting method had been used prior to 2020, retained earnings at December 31, 2019, would have been $384,000 less. 5. For the nursery division, the client proposes to switch from FIFO to LIFO inventories because it believes that LIFO will provide a better matching of current costs with revenues. The effect of making this change on 2020 earnings will be an increase of $328,000. The client says that the effect of the change on December 31, 2019, retained earnings cannot be determined. To achieve an appropriate recognition of revenues and expenses in its building construction division, the client proposes to switch from the completed-contract method of accounting to the percentage-of-completion method. Had the percentage-of-completion method been employed in all prior years, retained earnings at December 31, 2019, would have been $1,054,000 greater. 6 . What would be the proper adjustment to the December 31, 2019, retained earnings? Retained Earnings