Congratulations you just started your career as ageneticist! For your first project, your super villain bossFelonious Gru asks you to study patterns of gene inheritance in hisminions so he can create a race of genetically superior superminions. Use the following questions to examine patterns ofgene

inheritance in minions and save yourself from Gru’swrath and his freeze ray (oh! and review for your geneticsexam).

Minions reproduce frequently, allowing you to observethe numerous offspring and a variety of traits. Thanks to the largenumber of offspring they produce minions make great geneticsubjects. You can easily identify the pure breeding minions as wellas determine the genotypes of heterozygotes by PCR.

A few notes:

Unless otherwise noted you may assume that males andfemales have the same pattern of inheritance. Unless otherwisenoted you may assume the genes being studied are on differentchromosomes.

1. Minions either have one eye or two eyes. One eye (E) isdominant to two eyes (e). Suppose a female minion with two eyes iscrossed with a male minion with one eye. The male minions’ motherhad two eyes.

1. What are the genotypes of the parents

2. What gametes will be produced by eachparent?

3. What genotypes do you expect in the F1generation?

4. With what frequency do you expect two eyed minions inthe F1 generation?

5. These parents have 9 offspring. What is the likelihood 2have one eye and 7 have two eyes (in any order)?

2. Odd little creatures, minions can have different numbersof fingers. Assume that three fingers (XF) is dominant and sexlinked and that 4 fingers are the recessive counterpart. You crossmale and female minions who both have three fingers. They have 16children. All of the girls have three fingers while half of theboys have three fingers and half of the boys have fourfingers.

1. What is the genotype of the mother?

2. Assuming that 8 of the children are girls, how many ofthem would you expect to be carriers for the 4 fingertrait?

3. Suppose you cross one of the carrier (heterozygous) girlminions with a 4 fingered male. They have a son, what is thelikelihood it will have 4 fingers?

4. The minion couple in part c decides to have a secondchild, what is the chance it will be a 4 fingeredgirl?

3. You look out across a room filled with several hundredminions and you notice that minions seem to come in a variety ofshapes and sizes. More specifically they can be either short ortall, and either chubby or thin. You determine that short (S) isdominant to tall while chubby (C) is dominant to thin. A tallchubby male minion mates with a short chubby female. Both minionsare heterozygous for the dominant traits.

1. What will are the possible genotypes for theiroffspring? Include in your answer the expected frequency of eachgenotype.

2. What are the possible phenotypes for the offspring?Include in your answer the expected frequency of eachphenotype.

3. How likely is it that if these parents have: 1 short andchubby child, then 1 tall and chubby child, and finally two shortand thin children?

4. Minions have two hair styles, sprout and spread out.Spread out (O) is dominant to sprout (o). A chubby female minionwith two eyes and spread out hair mates with a thin, one eyed malethat also has spread out hair. Both minions are heterozygous forhair style. The male minion is homozygous dominant for number ofeyes and the female minion is heterozygous for body size(chubby).

1. What are the genotypes of these parents?

2. They have 32 children, how many do you expect to begenotype ccEeOo?

3. They have 32 children, how many do you expect to havethe phenotype chubby, two eyed, and spread out hair?

5. Glowing (n) in minions is an autosomal trait that isrecessive to not glowing (N).

1. You have a found a non-glowing minion who has asibling that glows but whose parents do not glow. What arethe possible genotypes for your non-glowingminion?

2. Your non-glowing minion mates with a minion you know isheterozygous for the ability to glow. What is the chance theywill have an offspring that glows? (Be careful this is aconditional probability!)

6. Oh no! A secret lab near the Arctic Circle engineered avery dangerous mutagen, PX-41, that is capable of turning anyliving thing in the world into a purple, furry, indestructible,mindless killing machine. Once these mutations occur within anindividual, these traits are heritable in their minion offspring.Observe the following pedigrees representing the inheritance of twoof these traits. Affected individuals are represented by blue (orfilled in) shapes.

1. The above pedigree demonstrates the inheritance of beingfurry in minions. What is the most likely mode of inheritance forthis pedigree?

2. What are the genotypes for individuals II – 1, II-7,III-4, and III-8

3. The above pedigree demonstrates the inheritance ofmindlessness in minions. What is the most likely mode ofinheritance for this pedigree?

4. What are the genotypes for individuals II-4, III-4,III-7, IV-6.

5. If individuals IV-2 and IV-6 mate. What is thelikelihood they will have a mindless boy and a normalgirl?

7. After mutation by PX-41, minions exhibit several othernew traits, such as purple skin instead of yellow, and beingindestructible (as opposed to not indestructible). Purple skin (P)is dominant to yellow skin and being indestructible is recessive todestructible (D).

Gru is really excited with all the work you have doneexamining the genetics of minions! He has decided would like youperform a genetic cross get him the perfect henchman: glowing, twoeyed, tall, thin, smooth (not furry), indestructible minion. Youfind a female minion that is heterozygous, not glowing, chubby,furry, and is also two-eyed, indestructible, tall and male minionthat is heterozygous one eyed, short, furry, destructible, and alsoglows and is thin. Suppose now that you cross these twominions.

1. What are the genotypes of these parents

2. How many genotypes are possible in the F1offspring?

3. What is the chance of getting Gru’s ideal minion fromthis cross?

1. Gru told you that you MUST obtain him a perfect minionfrom this cross. In order to avoid his freeze ray, how manyoffspring must you produce in order to be 95% certain that you willobtain the a glowing, two eyed, tall, thin, smooth, indestructibleminion.