Congress passes a law that requires all persons to download and sign up for a free contract tracing application ("app") or pay a penalty of $2,000.The penalty is administered through the IRS.

The law also requires individuals who test positive for COVID-19 to notify the government of their positive test via the app, so that the government may institute contact tracing and notify other affected individuals. Failure to do so is a misdemeanor criminal offense punished by a fine of $500.

Question 4:Assume Congress has the authority to pass the law. Chad and Brad's friend, Tad, tests positive for COVID-19, but fails to notify the government via the app and is prosecuted. What constitutional challenges should he bring, and will they succeed?