Consider a case in which a gunman walks into a 7-11 and threatens to shoot a customer if the cashier on duty doesn't give him all the money in the register. The cashier fails to comply, so the gunman shoots the customer, who dies. The case goes to civil court as the family of the deceased customer has sued the store for damages. In deciding whether the store is liable, a particular juror focuses solely on analyzing the past facts of the case to determine whether justice requires that the store payout to the estate of the deceased. In doing so, the juror utilizes which type of reasoning