Consider a mutual fund with $200 million in assets at the start of the year and with 10 million shares outstanding. The fund invests in a portfolio of stocks that provides dividend income at the end of the year of $2 million. The stocks included in the fund's portfolio increase in price by 8%, but no securities are sold, and there are no capital gains distributions. The fund charges 12b-1 fees of 1%, which are deducted from portfolio assets at year-end.

1. What is net asset value at the start and end of the year?

2. What is the before-tax rate of return for an investor in the fund?

3. What is the after-tax rate if the investor is in the 35% tax bracket?