Consider the following figure. (Assume R, = 2.40 0, R, = 5.10 02, and & = 14.0 V.) 4.00 V + a + R2 10.0 0 b i (a) Calculate the magnitude of the potential difference between points a and b in the figure above. (b) Identify which point is at the higher potential. O point a O point b O they are at equal potentialsA 2.00-nF capacitor with an initial charge of 5.28 uC is discharged through a 1.36-kS resistor. (a) Calculate the magnitude of the current in the resistor 9.00 us after the resistor is connected across the terminals of the capacitor. mA (b) What charge remains on the capacitor after 8.00 us? X Your response is within 10% of the correct value. This may be due to roundoff error, or you could have a mistake in your calculation. Carry out allOTHER Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed x pulse duration = 50.0 m/s x 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = KEA/d and Q = CAV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.8 x 10 8 m, axon radius r = 2.0 x 10 um, and cell-wall dielectric constant k = 2.5. External fluid Positive charge + layer + + Axon wall membrane d Negative charge layer Internal fluid + + Axon radius = r (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. (Assume an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-2 v.) C How many K* ions are on the outside of the axon assuming an initial potential difference of 7.0 x 10-2 v? Ktions Is this a large charge per unit area? Hint: Calculate the charge per unit area in terms of electronic charge e per angstrom squared (A"). An atom has a cross section of about 1 A2 (1 A = 10 10 m). (Compare to normal atomic spacing of one atom every few A.) Yes O No (b) How much positive charge must flow through the cell membrane to reach the excited state of +3.0 x 10 2 V from the resting state of -7.0 x 10-2 v? How many sodium ions (Na+) is this? Na ions c) If it takes 2.0 ms for the Na ions to enter the axon, what is the average current in the axon wall in this process? HA (d) How much energy does it take to raise the potential of the inner axon wall to +3.0 x 10 2 V, starting from the resting potential of -7.0 x 10 2 V? (Assume that no energy is required to first raise the potential to 0 V from the resting potential of -7.0 x 10