Consider this argument: "Berlin is the capital of Canada, which proves that there is life on other planets." First, clearly explain why this argument is invalid. Then, reconstruct the argument into standard form, while turning it into a *valid* argument using the technique known as *cheap validity*. Then, with reference to this argument, explain what is wrong with saying the following: "You should never use *cheap validity* when reconstructing an argument, since you could turn a bad argument into a good one."