Consider two utilities X and Y, which are subject to pollution control regulation. They try to maximize their own profit.

The price for electricity generation received by each utility is $100/MWh.

Assume that each firm produces 1 MWh of power regardless of regulation.

Each utility separately emits 10.0 lbs of NOx/MWh in the absence of regulation.

The regulator wishes to limit total emissions to14.0 lbs of NOx/MWh.

In other words, the goal is total abatement of 6.0 lbs of NOx/MWh ( because 10 + 10 - 14 = 6).

Utility X has a total abatement cost ofTACx(ax) = 3*ax2 and marginal abatement cost of MACx(ax) = 6*ax.

Utility Y has a total abatement cost ofTACy(ay) = 8*ay2 and marginal abatement cost of MACy(ay) = 16*ay.

Keep in mind that profit is equal to total revenue minus total cost.

1.Both firms are under a uniform standard , where they evenly split the total abatement. For each firm, calculate:

a.Abatement (ax and ay)

b.MAC for the last unit of abatement

c.Total profits

2.Now, assume both firms are under a tradable permits program , where firms may trade permits to pollute according to their marginal abatement costs. Calculate:

a.Abatement (ax and ay)

b.MAC for the last unit of abatement

c.Total profits

d.Using specific numbers, explain why this policy is more efficient than the other.

3.[challenging] Recall from class that the initial allocation of permits does not influence the total profit or total abatement, but it can change how individual firms are affected. Assume that permits exist in continuous quantities. (i.e. they don't have to be whole numbers)

a.What is the initial permit allocation that results in no need for trading? (hint: the regulator happens to get it right)

b.Which firm would prefer a uniform standard instead of a tradable permits program? Why would they have this preference?