Consider; Why is the mass of the earth important to maintain life as we know it? A) If the earth's mass were significantly different, we
Consider;
Why is the mass of the earth important to maintain life as we know it? A) If the earth's mass were significantly different, we would be bombarded by cosmic rays that would strip away our atmosphere. B) If the earth's mass were greater, we would be bombarded by meteorites and if it were smaller, we would not be able to hold the moon in orbit. C) If it had more or less mass, the atmosphere would be very different with either too much ammonia and methane or too little oxygen and water. D) If we had more or less mass, the earth would not have plate tectonics and would be covered entirely by water.
2) Why is it important that we have a rigid lithosphere overlying a weak asthenosphere? A) If we did not have the rigid lithosphere and weak asthenosphere, the atmosphere would be very different with either too much ammonia and methane or too little oxygen and water. B) If we did not have the rigid lithosphere and weak asthenosphere, the earth would not have plate tectonics and would be covered entirely by water. C) If we did not have the rigid lithosphere and weak asthenosphere, we would be bombarded by meteorites and we would not be able to hold the moon in orbit. D) If we did not have the rigid lithosphere and weak asthenosphere, we would be bombarded by cosmic rays that would strip away our atmosphere.
3) Why is the molten metallic outer core and the magnetic field important to life on Earth? A) If we did not have the molten core and the magnetic field, the atmosphere would be very different with either too much ammonia and methane or too little oxygen and water. B) If we did not have the molten core and the magnetic field, we would be bombarded by meteorites and we would not be able to hold the moon in orbit. C) If we did not have the molten core and the magnetic field, the earth would not have plate tectonics and would be covered entirely by water. D) If we did not have the molten core and the magnetic field, we would be bombarded by cosmic rays that would strip away our atmosphere.
4) What would have happened to the earth if it were 10% closer to the sun? A) Our atmosphere would consist mainly of carbon dioxide. B) Our sun would have burned out after a few hundred million years so life would not evolve. C) Liquid water and the water cycle would not exist. D) Our atmosphere would consist mainly of nitrogen.
5) What would have happened to the earth if the Sun were significantly larger than it is? A) Our atmosphere would consist mainly of nitrogen. B) Liquid water and the water cycle would not exist. C) Our Sun would have burned out after a few hundred million years so life would not evolve. D) Our atmosphere would consist mainly of carbon dioxide.
6) Early Earth was hot because ________. A) gravitational collapse generates heat B) there was still heat from the original big bang C) the moon's formation from an giant impact produced heat D) the Sun was much larger and heated the early planet E) a combination of collisions and radioactive decay produced heat
7) The major source of free oxygen in the atmosphere is from ________. A) glaciers B) water C) silicate minerals D) molten rock E) green plants
8) Earth's primitive atmosphere evolved from gases ________. A) collected from the nebula B) from the Sun C) produced by radioactive decay D) escaping from water E) expelled from within the earth
9) The large size of insects and amphibians during the Pennsylvanian period has been suggested to be due to ________. A) an excess of sunlight and water during that time B) the emergence of a super continent that allowed greater areas for animals to evolve C) a lack of predators for early land forms D) a decrease in methane in the atmosphere during that time E) an excess of oxygen during that time
10) The modern oceans are a major repository for the greenhouse gas ________, which some organisms utilize to make their shells. A) CO2 B) SiO2 C) Ammonia D) Limestone E) Iron oxide
11) Banded Iron Formations are interdependent iron oxides and chert that formed on the sea floor between 3.5 and 2 billion years ago because ________. A) chert was being deposited by bacteria and iron was a common ocean deposit B) outgassing produced both chert and iron oxide in roughly equal amounts and the oceans became saturated with them C) iron was using the oxygen produced by bacteria and chert was a common ocean deposit D) iron and chert were very abundant in the early earth E) photosynthesis had not yet started to generate oxygen so iron and chert were the deposited on the sea floor
12) One significant difference between oceanic and continental crust in terms of the long term evolution of the earth's surface is that ________. A) continental crust is harder to subduct than oceanic crust B) oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust C) continental crust is more uniform in composition than oceanic crust D) oceanic crust contains more radioactive elements that contribute to the heating of the earth. E) oceanic crust preserves a history of ancient deformation better than continental crust
13) The North America craton formed as a result of ________. A) the collision of two continents to form a supercontinent B) a huge volcanic eruption C) the break-up of a large supercontinent D) the metamorphism of oceanic crust E) collision of older crustal fragments composed of island arcs and other fragments
14) Antarctica became glaciated because ________. A) ocean circulation changed with the northward movement of South America B) a meteorite impact changed the earth's tilt axis C) ocean circulation changed with the southward movement of South America D) it moved to a position over the south pole E) global climate changed with the formation of the Himalayan Mountains
15) A major economic deposit associated with the Cretaceous period is ________. A) sand B) platinum C) uranium D) gold E) coal
16) During the early Paleozoic era, South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, India, and perhaps China comprised the vast southern continent of ________. A) Pangaea B) Antindia C) Europe D) Gondwanaland E) Laurasia
17) The North American Cordillera formed as a result of ________. A) the subduction of the Pacific basin beneath North America B) the subduction of the Atlantic basin beneath North America C) the evolution of the San Andreas Fault zone D) the growth of the Appalachian Mountains
18) A distinctive characteristic of prokaryotes is ________. A) their methane based metabolism B) their ability to produce sugars C) their oxygen based metabolism D) their lack of a separation between the DNA and the rest of the cell E) their thick cell walls that separate the DNA from the rest of the cell
19) A major obstacle the first land plants had to overcome was ________. A) finding food on land where there were no organic compounds B) eliminating waste materials in the atmosphere C) staying upright despite gravity and wind on land D) their lack of mobility because they needed water access E) the large number of plant eating organisms on land
20) An important evolutionary step for reptiles was ________. A) the growth of scales from armor plating B) the development of shell-covered eggs C) the formation of a true spine D) lungs that could hold air
21) What group of animals were the first to leave the ocean to become the first amphibians? A) salamanders C) horn-beaked Cephalopods B) lobe-finned fish D) trilobites
22) During the Cambrian, Trilobites developed a flexible exoskeleton which allowed them to ________. A) avoid being eaten by other creatures B) sink to the bottom of shallow ponds to find food C) climb trees and find food D) eat smaller life forms by crushing them in their jaws E) burrow in soft sediment to find food
23) Birds evolved from ________. A) archaeopteryx B) apatosaurus C) gymnosperms D) tree-climbing amphibians E) pterosaurs
24) Human ancestors developed the tendency to walk on two legs instead of four in order to accommodate ________. A) running across hot ash beds in Tanzania B) picking fruit C) hunting and gathering food in grasslands D) climbing trees in the forests E) riding elephants
25) The major adaptions that made it possible for mammals to evolve into their modern forms included all of the following except ________. A) they developed specialized teeth to adapt to a varied diet B) they became significantly larger C) their brains increased in capacity D) they developed specialized limbs to adapt to a varied life style E) they developed a more efficient respiratory system
26) The cyanobacteria were A) responsible for introducing substantial amounts of oxygen into Earth's atmosphere. B) a group of heterotrophic bacteria. C) chemoautotrophs. D) the earliest known prokaryotes.
27) Humans are A) chemoautotrophs. B) heterotrophs. C) autotrophs. D) archaeans.
28) Which of the following statements regarding the origin of life is false? A) Miller and Urey generated amino acids and many other organic molecules by shooting electric sparks through a model of Earth's early atmosphere. B) When certain lipids are added to water, they spontaneously form structures that resemble cell membranes. C) The first genes were probably made of DNA, not RNA. D) Life originated on an Earth whose atmosphere contained no oxygen.
29) The work of ________ finally convinced the scientific world that life did not arise through spontaneous generation. A) Louis Pasteur C) Charles Darwin B) Jean Baptiste Lamarck D) Antony van Leeuwenhoek
30) The endosymbiotic theory suggests that the following eukaryotic structures were derived from prokaryotes living inside early eukaryotes: A) the nucleus. B) the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. C) the mitochondria and chloroplasts. D) all eukaryotic organelles, but not the nucleus.
31) Which scientist played an important role in the history of biology for promoting the idea that species changed over time (although he attributed this change over time to an incorrect mechanism)? A) Jean Baptiste Lamarck B) Charles Darwin C) Charles Lyell D) Thomas Malthus
32) Which scientist led Darwin to his great idea about the cause of evolutionary change by observing that human populations grow much faster than available food supplies and that famine was an inevitable feature of human existence? A) Thomas Malthus C) Charles Darwin
33) All the following traits are heritable in humans except A) hair color. B) eye color.
34) The number of arms humans have is A) variable but not heritable. C) heritable but not variable.
35) Natural selection may favor traits that help organisms A) successfully raise offspring. C) survive. B) Charles Lyell D) Jean Baptiste Lamarck C) hair length. D) shape of lips. B) neither heritable nor variable. D) both heritable and variable. B) acquire mates. D) all of the above
36) If the females of a songbird species prefer to mate with more brightly colored males, and you know this trait is heritable, you would expect A) brightly colored males to survive better in the population. B) sexual selection to occur. C) males to evolve to become more brightly colored. D) both A and B
37) A population of beetles in which some individuals are blue and some individuals are green evolves because the green individuals survive better, and so leave more offspring. This mechanism of evolution is known as A) natural selection. B) mutation pressure. C) genetic drift. D) gene flow.
38) When a donkey mates with a horse, a mule is produced. However, mules are sterile. This is an example of A) speciation by hybridization. B) allopatric speciation. C) a postzygotic reproductive barrier. D) sympatric speciation.
39) The formation of the isthmus of Panama, dividing the Pacific Ocean from the Caribbean Sea, resulted in many instances of A) gene flow. C) sympatric speciation. B) polyploidy. D) allopatric speciation.
40) The evolution of a large number of species, each adapted to a distinct way of life, from a single ancestor describes A) sympatric speciation. C) allopatric speciation.
41) An example of artificial selection is the A) evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. B) adaptive radiation. D) polyploidy. B) breeding of corn from teosinte. C) fact that all mammalian limbs are made up of the same set of bones. D) observation that some snakes retain tiny, incomplete hind legs.
42) Which statement regarding human evolution and our hominid relatives is false? A) Homo erectus was the first species to migrate out of Africa and into Europe and Asia. B) Modern human anatomy appeared at the same time as modern human cultural traits. C) In some hominids, males were significantly larger than females in body size. D) Neanderthals interbred with modern humans, but disappeared as modern humans spread.
43) The current global human population is approximately ________. A) 1.5 billion B) 10 billion C) 1.5 million D) 7 billion E) 7 million
44) Diminishing population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________. A) the education of women B) economic disasters C) reproducing beyond replacement fertility D) illness in infants E) valuing the birth of a son
45) ________ is the world's most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth. A) The United States; half B) India; one-third C) China; half D) The United States; one-fifth E) China; one-fifth
46) Life expectancy in parts of southern Africa ________. A) has fallen dramatically since 1990 B) is on the rise C) has stabilized due to population control D) cannot be determined due to lack of adequate methods for data collection E) is starting to fall
47) The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources. A) 10 B) 40 C) 80 D) 20 E) 60
48) A high birth rate coupled with a declining death rate resulting from increased food production and improved medical care is characteristic of the ________ stage of the demographic transition model. A) transitional B) stabilization C) revolutionary D) postindustrial E) preindustrial
49) IPAT stands for ________. A) Impact, Population, Affluence, and Technology B) Industry, Population, Attitude, and Teaching C) Impact, People, Affluence, and Technology D) Industry, People, Attitude, and Teaching E) Impact, Population, Attitude, and Technology
50) The term demographic transition refers to ________. A) a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable B) the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches it bio capacity C) the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops D) the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred because sanitation levels in areas improved E) the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity
51) If global fertility rates remain at 2005-2010 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will be approximately ________ billion in 2050. A) 4 B) 11 C) 7 D) 10 E) 5
52) The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked in the ________ and has been declining ever since. A) 1950s B) early 1900s C) 1990s D) year 2000 E) 1960s
53) Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China? A) A one-child policy that is enforced through taxation and penalties has successfully controlled population growth. B) Increasing child survival, elevated status and employment levels for women, and increased literacy in the general population has decreased fertility rates. C) There is minimal governmental financial support for birth control for all couples. D) A one-child policy that requires all women to work and education for all has decreased fertility rates. E) Changing public attitudes about family size through communication, education, counseling, and contraceptives has reduced the population growth rates.
54) Zero population growth can be achieved in a population when ________. A) total fertility rate exceeds the average replacement rate B) carrying capacity is larger than ecological footprint C) the approach is having as many children in the first five years of marriage D) birth rate equals death rate, and there is no migration E) ecological footprints are larger than carrying capacity
55) The most serious problem caused by population growth is ________. A) crowding B) too few jobs C) increasing demand for resources D) lack of farmland to meet food needs E) inefficient food transportation
56) Which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present? A) rapid, explosive growth throughout the period B) early rapid growth which has leveled off to a nearly constant rate in the last 20 years C) slow, steady growth throughout the period D) slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth E) early rapid growth which has increased rapidly in the last 20 years
57) According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________. A) decreases sensitivity B) decreases environmental impact C) increases environmental impact D) increases population E) increases sensitivity
58) The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion due to greater numbers of people ________. A) will cause a population crash B) will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals C) is not a problem if new resources can be found to replace depleted ones D) is not a problem because disease will limit population size E) is not a problem because humans are too intelligent to allow it to be
59) In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________. A) stage 1, the preindustrial stage B) stage 2, the transitional stage C) stage 3, the industrial stage D) stage 4, the postindustrial stage E) stage 5, the stability transition stage
60) Not surprisingly, the nation with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) is ________. A) New Zealand B) United States C) Australia D) South Africa E) China
61) Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________. A) Europe B) North America C) developing countries D) currently uninhabited areas such as Antarctica E) developed countries
62) Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades. A) AIDS and malaria B) legalization of abortions C) exposure to environmental estrogens D) soap operas E) laws preventing women from having more than one child
63) The world's most abundant fossil fuel is ________. A) coal B) oil C) natural gas D) biodiesel E) methane
64) Instead of only generating more electricity, rising energy demands may also be met by ________. A) increasing the efficiency of energy consumption B) switching from natural gas to coal C) switching from coal and natural gas to windmills and solar technologies D) using more nuclear power instead of fossil fuels E) building more coal-burning power plants
65) Crude oil is ________. A) formed in a wide range of temperature and pressure circumstances B) formed less than 100 yards below the surface; in deeper places with more pressure, coal is formed C) usable in its raw form D) composed of three different hydrocarbon molecules E) refined to separate the chemicals used for gasoline, lubricants, plastics, and other products
66) Secondary extraction of petroleum ________. A) is less expensive than primary extraction B) occurs immediately after primary extraction C) allows the oil to be extracted to the last drop D) causes less environmental damage than tertiary extraction E) uses solvents, water, or steam
67) Natural gas ________. A) produces less carbon dioxide per energy unit than coal or oil B) primary component is octane C) is transported primarily by truck and rail D) discovered by M. King Hubbert in 1885 E) will be depleted by 2030 at current usage rates
68) The Keystone XL pipeline ________. A) is a hotly debated pipeline that would carry petroleum from Canada to the southern United States B) carries petroleum from northern Alaska to the Gulf of Alaska C) would allow Canada to import more oil from Brazil D) carries natural gas from gas fields near Keystone, South Dakota, to the eastern United States E) is a hotly debated oil pipeline that would pass through Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and Arizona
Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.
69) According to the figure, ________ is/are the largest source of energy for the United States. A) oil B) natural gas C) renewables D) nuclear energy E) coal
70) According to the figure, the primary energy source used to generate the most electricity in the United States is ________ . A) coal B) renewable energy C) oil D) nuclear energy E) natural gas
71) One of the problems with finding new fossil fuel deposits in developing countries is that ________. A) those countries tend to keep the resource for themselves, not sharing with other countries B) multinational companies often move in to harvest the new deposit, and very little money or resource remains in the country C) it is very expensive to transport the deposit elsewhere D) their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without imposing huge taxes to fund new social benefits for the country E) their governments seldom allow extraction of the deposit without meeting expensive environmental regulations
72) The oil spill resulting from the 2010 Deep water Horizon disaster ________. A) is the largest accidental oil spill in world history, causing damage to marine and coastal ecosystems B) eclipsed all non-point oil spills by 500% C) resulted in a permanent ban on all offshore drilling in U.S. coastal waters D) is considered a minor incident compared to other oil spills E) was quickly cleaned up preventing loss of wildlife and damage to fisheries
73) Energy conservation in the United States ________. A) can be accomplished only through changes in environmental laws B) can be accomplished by changes in tax laws C) is unlikely to ever occur D) will be a reality only if there is another major war E) can be improved as individuals make conscious choices to reduce personal consumption
74) The energy bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2007 ________. A) primarily focused on taxing polluters and those who profit from the fossil fuel industry B) will, according to analysts, allow us to import only 25% of our oil instead of 60% C) mandates the rapid development of all remaining fossil fuel resources as quickly as possible D) primarily focused on major new policies for conservation and for development of renewable energy sources E) raised the CAFE standard to 35 mpg for vehicles by the year 2020
75) Many developed nations have their economies closely tied to imported fossil fuels. One important consideration for those nations is that ________. A) as supplies decrease, fossil fuels decline in price B) if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will increase C) their economy will only improve if the price of fossil fuels increases D) if energy conservation is put into place, the cost of fossil fuels will decrease E) their economy can be disrupted by the events and decisions made in fuel exporting nations
76) Renewable energy includes all of the following except ________. A) the sun B) rain C) natural gas D) the wind E) geothermal heat
77) U.S. oil production ________. A) has to fit the quotas imposed by OPEC B) is now high enough for us to export nearly 50% of our oil C) peaked in 1970 D) will peak in 2100, requiring for the first time imports to meet growing demand E) is sufficient to meet national needs, thanks to major conservation efforts
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Authors: M.S. Bhat, A.V. Rau
1st Edition
9352300211, 978-9352300211
