Corinth Biotech Limited (CBL) started operations in January 2018. CBL reports under IFRS. The following activities occurred during the year:

1. On January 31, 2018, the shareholder, John Ahaz, contributed a parcel of land and a building located in Burnaby to CBL in return for 1,000 common. The lands appraised value was $110,000 while the buildings appraised value was $420,000. The value of the common shares is unknown.

2. John hired several employees to conduct research and development. The following amounts were expended during the year:

• $82,000 for conceptual formulation and design of possible new products.
• $110,000 for evaluation of product alternatives.

Of the $110,000 of expenditures, $75,000 were attributable to a clearly defined product, Product X, which is technically feasible. Management has indicated its intention to produce and market the product. The future market for the product is clearly defined and John is convinced that he can do an initial public offering to raise enough money to complete the product for sale. Product X is expected to begin generating revenue early next year.

3. On November 30, 2018, CBL decided that it needed to move its offices from Burnaby to Vancouver. Accordingly, it traded its Burnaby land and building for a different land and building located in Vancouver. The appraised value of the Vancouver land was $106,000 while the appraised value of the Vancouver building was $480,000. On this date, the Burnaby land had an appraised value of $145,000 but the value of the Burnaby building was unknown. The transaction lacks commercial substance.

Assume that CBL amortizes its buildings on a declining-balance method at a rate of 6% per year, prorated monthly.

REQUIRED

1. Prepare all of the relevant journal entries for the above activities. Your entries should include any relevant adjusting journal entry(ies) at December 31, 2018, CBLs year-end.

2. What is meant by commercial substance as it pertains to non-monetary transactions?

3. Assume that for item #3, CBL entered the transaction as previously described and that CBL paid an additional $85,000. If the transaction was considered to have commercial substance, what would be the appropriate journal entry? Assume that the appraised value of the Vancouver land is more reliable than the appraised value of the Burnaby land.