Cost Behavior Cover-to-Cover Company is a manufacturer of shelving for books. The company has compiled the following cost data, and wants your help in determining the cost behavior. After reviewing the data, complete requirements (1) and (2) that follow. Total Units Produced Total Lumber Cost Utilities Cost Total Machine Depreciation Cost 9,000 shelves $99,000 $12,350 $125,000 18,000 shelves 198,000 22,700 125,000 125,000 36,000 shelves 396,000 43,400 45,000 shelves 495,000 53,750 125,000 1. Determine whether the costs in the table are variable, fixed, mixed, or none of these. Lumber Variable Cost Utilities Mixed Cost Depreciation Fixed Cost 2. For each cost, determine the fixed portion of the cost, and the per-unit variable cost. If there is no amount or an amount is zero, enter "0". Recall that, for N = Number of Units Produced, Total Costs = (Variable Cost Per Unit x N) + Fixed Cost. Complete the following table with your answers. Round variable portion of cost (per unit) answers to two decimal places. Fixed Portion of Cost Variable Portion of Cost (per unit) Cost Lumber Utilities Il Depreciation High-Low Biblio Files Company is the chief competitor of Cover-to-Cover Company in the bookshelf business. Biblio Files is analyzing its manufacturing costs, and has compiled the following data for the first six months of the year. After reviewing the data, answer questions (1) through (3) that follow. Units Produced Total Cost January 4,360 units $65,600 February 275 6,250 March 1,000 15,000 April 8,775 176,250 May 1,750 32,500 June 3,015 48,000 1. From the data previously provided, help Biblio Files Company estimate the fixed and variable portions of its total costs using the high-low method. Recall that Total Costs = (Variable Cost Per Unit x Number of Units Produced) + Fixed Cost. Complete the following table. Total Fixed Cost Variable Cost per Unit 2. With your Total Fixed Cost and Variable Cost per Unit from the high-low method, compute the total cost for the following values of N (Number of Units Produced). Number of Units Produced Total Cost 3,500 4,360 8,775 3. Why does the total cost computed for 4,360 units not match the data for January? a. The high-low method is accurate only for months in which production is at full capacity. b. The high-low method only gives accurate data when fixed costs are zero. c. The high-low method gives a formula for the estimated total cost and may not match levels of production other than the highest and lowest. d. The high-low method gives accurate data only for levels of production outside the relevant range. Contribution Margin Review the contribution margin income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statements. Complete the following table from the data provided on the income statements. Each company sold 75,800 units during the year. Cover-to-Cover Company Biblio Files Company Contribution margin ratio (percent) % % Unit contribution margin $ Break-even sales (units) Break-even sales (dollars) Income Statement - Cover-to-Cover Cover-to-Cover Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2048 Sales $379,000 Variable costs: Manufacturing expense $227,400 Selling expense 18,950 Administrative expense 56,850 (303,200) Contribution margin $75,800 Fixed costs: Manufacturing expense $5,000 Selling expense 4,000 Administrative expense 9,950 (18,950) Operating income $56,850 Income Statement - Biblio Files Income Statement - Biblio Files Biblio Files Company Contribution Margin Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2018 Sales $379,000 Variable costs: Manufacturing expense $151,600 Selling expense 15,160 Administrative expense 60,640 (227,400) Contribution margin $151,600 Fixed costs: Manufacturing expense $76,750 Selling expense 8,000 Administrative expense 10,000 (94,750) Operating income $56,850 Sales Mix Biblio Files Company is making plans for its next fiscal year, and decides to sell two new types of bookshelves, Basic and Deluxe. The company has compiled the following estimates for the new product offerings. Type of Bookshelf Sales Price per Unit Variable Cost per Unit Basic $5.00 $1.75 Deluxe 9.00 8.10 The company is interested in determining how many of each type of bookshelf would have to be sold in order to break even. If we think of the Basic and Deluxe products as components of one overall enterprise product called "Combined," the unit contribution margin for the Combined product would be $2.31. Fixed costs for the upcoming year are estimated at $341,880. Recall that the totals of all the sales mix percents must be 100%. Determine the amounts to complete the following table. Percent of Type of Bookshelf Break-Even Sales in Units Break-Even Sales in Dollars Sales Mix Basic % Deluxe % Target Profit Target Profit Refer again to the income statements for Cover-to-Cover Company and Biblio Files Company on their respective Income Statement. Note that both companies have the same sales and net income. Answer questions (1) - (3) that follow, assuming that all data for the coming year is the same as the current year, except for the amount of sales. 1. If Cover-to-Cover Company wants to increase its profit by $40,000 in the coming year, what must their amount of sales be? 2. If Biblio Files Company wants to increase its profit by $40,000 in the coming year, what must their amount of sales be? $ 3. What would explain the difference between your answers for (1) and (2)? a. Biblio Files Company has a higher contribution margin ratio, and so more of each sales dollar is available to cover fixed costs and provide operating income. b. Cover-to-Cover Company's contribution margin ratio is lower, meaning that it's more efficient in its operations. C. The companies have goals that are not in the relevant range. d. The answers are not different; each company has the same required sales amount for the coming year to achieve the desired target profit