Cost of debt using both methods (YTM and the approximation formula) Currently, Warren Industries can sell 10-year, $1,000-par-value bonds paying annual interest at a 12% coupon rate. Because current market rates for similar bonds are just under 12%, Warren can sell it's bonds for $980 each; Warren will incur flotation costs of $35 per bond. The firm is in the 22% tax bracket.

a. Find the net proceeds from the sale of the bond, Nd.

b. Calculate the bond's yield to maturity (YTM) to estimate the before-tax and after-tax costs of debt

c. Use the approximation formula to estimate the before-tax and after-tax costs of debt.