COSTCO and Merck made decisions that benefitted other stakeholders while also increasing shareholder value. But, when viewed narrowly, those decisions would appear to reduce shareholder wealth. Knowing what such decisions were, list two other types of decisions that similarly benefit other stakeholders materially and at the same time might not destroy shareholder value. Explain your rationale in each case.

How does the understanding of corporate purpose differ across regions and cultures? Do cultural norms play an important role in determining corporate governance standards and regulations adopted across different countries?