Critique the article The predictive power of adult attachment patterns on interpersonal cognitive distortions of University Students. In your critique, include responses to the following:

1. What is the research design used by the authors?
2. Why did the authors use correlation or bivariate regression?
3. Do you think it's the most appropriate choice? Why or why not?
4. Did the authors display the data?
5. Do the results stand alone? Why or why not?
6. Did the authors report effect size? If yes, is this meaningful?

For full access to the article, please Google the link https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1156267.pdf

Here are some information that might help to answer the above 6 questions.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the explanatory power of the anxious and avoidant dimensions of attachment to explain the interpersonal cognitive distortions. The research was conducted on correlational pattern, one of the quantitative research models. A total of 413 volunteer undergraduates students, from Seluk University were research samples. Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale (ICDS), Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) and personal information forms were used for data collection. Correlation and regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between variables. The major finding of the study was that the basic dimensions of adult attachment are the important variables in the explanation of the individuals' interpersonal rejection, unrealistic relationships expectations and interpersonal misperception distortions. According to the research findings, while the attachment-related avoidance is the most important predictor of interpersonal rejection, the attachment-related anxiety has no significant contribution to the model (R2= 0.20). The attachment-related avoidance and attachment-related anxiety are the significant predictors of the unrealistic relationships expectations (R2= 0.18) and interpersonal misperception distortions (R2= 0.04) cognitive distortion subdimensions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study sample

A total of 413 voluntary undergraduate students -300 female and 113 male -from Seluk University were randomly selected as sample of the study. Majority of them were students of the Faculty of Literature and Vocational School of Health Services, while the others were from the Faculty of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Faculty of Fine Arts and Faculty of Communication.

Data collection ?nstruments and analysis

Developed by Hamamc? and Bykztrk (2004),the purpose of the scale is to evaluate the cognitive distortions exhibited by individuals in their interpersonal relationships.Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions Scale (ICDS), was developed to measure dysfunctional beliefs related to interpersonal relationships. The scale consisted of three sub scales with 19 items; Interpersonal Rejection(8 items), Unrealistic Relationship Expectation(8 items)and Interpersonal Misperception(3 items). 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (I strongly disagree) to 5 (I strongly agree) was used.There wereno reverse scoring items.Scoresranged from 19 to 95.To examine construct validity,the correlations between ICDS and other scale was estimated. The correlation between that scale and Automatic Thoughts Scale was 0.54, and the correlation between the ICDS and the Conflict Tendency Scale 0.53 were estimated. The minimum score on the scale was19 and the maximum score was95. A high score on the scale is an indication of cognitive distortions in relationships. Regarding the validity and reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient for the complete scale was 0.67. Considering sub scales, it was calculated to be 0.73 for interpersonal rejection, 0.66 for Unrealistic Relationship Expectations and 0.49 for Interpersonal Misperception (Hamamc? and Bykztrk,2004). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated for the present study was 0.78.

Experiences in close relationships-revised (ECR-R)

The scale was developed to measure the attachment in adults(Fraley et al.,2000). The scale consisted of two subscales with 36 items.Thesefactors constitute two dimensions, "anxiety" and "avoidance", each consisting of 18 items.7-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (I strongly disagree) to 7 (I strongly agree) was used.There was reverse scoring items (4., 8., 16., 17., 18., 20., 21., 22., 24., 26., 30., 32., 34and 36.) The score on each dimension ranged from 18 to 126; the higher the score, the greater the avoidant attachment and the attachment anxiety. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found to be 0.90 for "avoidance" and 0.96 for "anxiety". To test the reliability of the scale, test-retest reliability method was used and the reliability coefficients were found to be 0.81 and 0.82 for "avoidance" and "anxiety" respectively (Seluk et al.,2005). The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient calculated for this study was 0.96.

Personal data form

Developed by the researcher, this form was used to collect data on demographic variables of participants such as gender, faculty/department and year of study.Research data was collected by the researcher on a volunteer basis between April and August 2015 at the AladdinKeykubat Campus of Selcuk UniversityinTurkey. In the analysis of the data, standard deviations and mean scores were calculated to present information about the data set, and Person's correlation coefficient was calculated to measure the direction and the strength of the relationship between variables. Multiple Linear Regression analysis was conducted in order to determine the predictive power of independent variables (attachment related anxiety and avoidance) on the dependent variables (interpersonal rejection, unrealistic relationship expectations and interpersonal misperception).

Results of correlation analysis

Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to observe the correlation of dependent and independent variables in the study. Results of correlation analysis are given in Table 1. Table 1 presents the mean scores and standard deviations for interpersonal rejection (X=20.3; Sd=5.2), unrealistic relationship expectations (X=24.3; Sd=5.7), interpersonal misperception(X=9.5; Sd= 2.4), attachment-related anxiety (X=68.1; Sd=18)and avoidance (X=59; Sd=17.5). According to the given data, the highest mean scores were observed in unrealistic relationship expectations among cognitive distortions and in the anxiety dimension of attachment. Analysis of the correlation between variables revealed that interpersonal rejection had a moderate linear relationship with anxiety (r= 0.45; p

Results of regression analysis

In order to find out to what extent the attachment-related anxiety and avoidance explained the dependent variables of interpersonal rejection, unrealistic relationship expectations and interpersonal misperception, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out and the results were presented in Table 2. According to the findings in Hypothesis 1, it is seen that the independent variables entered into the model significantly predicted the dependent variable of the interpersonal rejection(R= 0.45, R2= 0.20,F(2, 410)= 51.73, p

Table 1. Results of the Bivariate Correlations between Dependent and Independent Variables. S/N Variables Interpersonal rejection X Sd 2 3 4 Unrealistic relationship expectations 20.3 5 2 5.2 1 3 * * Interpersonal misperception 24.3 5.7 1 4 Anxiety 9.5 2.4 20* 26* 5 Avoidance 68.1 18 45" 40 15* 59 *p