CRM refers to the effective use of all available resources: human, hardware, and information. Other groups routinely working with the cockpit crew, who are involved in decisions required to operate a flight safely, are also essential participants in an effective CRM process.

Address the following questions:

• Identify at least three groups that are essential participants in an effective CRM process during flight.
• Explain some of the factors that led airlines to implement drastic CRM training changes after September 11th, 2001.
• What would you have been done differently in regards to CRM training before September 11th, 2001?