Crowding out is on the minds of many policy analysts currently as the government borrows more than $1 trillion annually, leading them to question whether or not the government can actually stimulate the American economy.

Explain in words what is meant by crowding out, relate it to the size of the fiscal multiplier and show it on a graph of IS-LM. When is crowding out minimal and when is it large?

Explain and draw the graphs.

Lastly, crowding out need not ever really be an issue, at least in theory.

Show, using the IS-LM model, how crowding out by fiscal policy can be offset by some other policy action.