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21 How accurate is ultrasonography in detecting renal calculi?

22 Please explain the most effective way to manage a case of intrauterine fetal unilateral hydronephrosis in the 32nd week of pregnancy.

23 In renal failure, why does oedema first occur in the periorbital area and nowhere else?

24 How does sodium valproate decrease serum urea concentration and GI bleed increases it? Renal disease

25 1. What clinical information can be obtained by checking the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level that cannot be obtained by checking the blood urea and serum creatinine alone? 2. What is the signifying difference between blood urea and BUN?

26 1. Does uraemia cause dysentery with blood and mucus mixed with the stools? 2. Is it correct to use the term 'uraemic dysentery'? 3. Does uraemia cause finger clubbing?

27 What are the causes of a low serum creatinine?

28 Why does oliguria occur in the early stages of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

29 Is renal impairment induced by lithium therapy in bipolar affective disorders irreversible? How often does it occur?

30 Can you please explain why a patient with chronic renal failure (CRF) might present with either oliguria or polyuria?