(Dataset: World. Variables: protact3, gender_equal3, vi_rel3, pmat12_3.) Ronald Inglehart offers a particularly elegant and compelling idea about the future of economically advanced societies. According to Inglehart, the cultures of many post-industrial societies have been going through a value shiftthe waning importance of materialist values and a growing pursuit of post-materialist values. In post-materialist societies, economically based conflictsunions versus big business, rich versus poorare increasingly supplanted by an emphasis on self-expression and social equality. Post-materialist societies also are marked by rising secularism and elite-challenging behaviors, such as boycotts and demonstrations. investigate Inglehart's theory.6

The World dataset variable pmat12_3 measures the level of post-material values by a three-category ordinal measure: low post-materialism (coded 1), moderate post-materialism (coded 2), and high post-materialism (coded 3). Higher codes denote a greater prevalence of post-material values. Use pmat12_3 as the independent variable.

Here are three dependent variables, all of which are three-category ordinals: gender_equal3, which captures gender equality (1 = low equality, 2 = medium equality, 3 = high equality); protact3, which measures citizen participation in protests (1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high); and vi_rel3, which gauges religiosity by the percentage of the public saying that religion is "very important" (1 = less than 20 percent, 2 = 20-50 percent, 3 = more than 50 percent). Higher codes on the dependent variables denote greater gender equality (gender_equal3), more protest activity (protact3), and higher levels of religiosity (vi_rel3).

A) Using pmat12_3 as the independent variable, three post-materialist hypotheses can be framed:

Gender Equality Hypothesis (fill in the blanks): In a comparison of countries, those with higher levels of post-materialism will have __________ levels of gender equality than will countries having lower levels of post-materialism.

Protest Activity Hypothesis (fill in the blanks): In a comparison of countries, those with __________ levels of post-materialism will have __________ levels of protest activity than will countries having __________ levels of post-materialism.

Religiosity Hypothesis (complete the sentence): In a comparison of countries, those with _____________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________

B) Consider how the independent variable is coded and how each dependent variable is coded. In the way that SPSS calculates the Somers' d, which one of the three hypotheses implies a negative sign on the measure of association? (check one)

The gender equality hypothesis

The protest activity hypothesis

The religiosity hypothesis

C) Use the Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs procedure (with chi-square statistic option) to test each hypothesis. Obtain chi-square ("chi2") and Somers' d statistics. The World dataset is not weighted. In the table that follows, record the percentages of countries falling into the highest category of each dependent variable. Also report chi-square statistics, P-values, and Somers' d.

Dependent Variable

Level of Post-materialism

Chi-square

P-value

Somers' d

Low

Moderate

High

Percentage of high gender equality

Percentage of high religiosity

D) Which of the following inferences are supported by your analysis? (check all that apply)

The gender equality hypothesis is supported.

Compared with how well we can predict gender equality by not knowing the level of post-materialism, we can improve our prediction by 20.03 percent by knowing the level of post-materialism.

The protest activity hypothesis is supported.

If the null hypothesis is correct, the post-materialism-protest activity relationship would occur, by chance, less frequently than 5 times out of 100.

The religiosity hypothesis is supported.

If the null hypothesis is correct, the post-materialism-religiosity relationship would occur, by chance, less frequently than 5 times out of 100.