David has $2,500 that he wishes to invest for one year. He has narrowed his choices down to one of the following two actions: down Ruy bonds of X Ltd., a company that has a very high debt-equity ratio. These bonds pay 8% interest, unless X defaults, in which case David will receive no interest but will recover his principal. ay: Buy Government Savings Bonds, paying 3% interest David assesses his prior probability of X Ltd. defaulting as 0.45, and of the savings bonds defaulting as zero. His utility for money is given by the square root of the amount of his net payoff. That is, if he buys the savings bonds his net payoff is $75, yielding utility of V75 - 8.66, etc. David is a rational decision maker. Required a. Based on his prior probabilities, which action should David take? Show your calculations. b. Before making a final decision, David decides he needs more information. He obtains X Ltd's current financial statements and examines its times-interest-earned ratio. This ratio can be either "HI" or "LO." Upon calculating the ratio, David observes that it is Hl. On the basis of his prior experience in bond investments, David knows the following con- ditional probabilities: rupt HI Future State ND (no default) D(default) Times Interest Earned Ratio LO 0.40 0.60 0.90 0.10 Which action should David now take? Show your calculations, taken to two deci- mal places An accounting standard allows X Ltd. to value its property, plant, and equipment at fair value, providing this can be done reliably. The company plans to adopt this option, since it will reduce its debt-equity ratio. Evaluate (in words only) the likely impact of this adoption on the main diagonal probabilities of the information system in part b. 13 Sto